Puritanism and Pragmatism Essay -- essays research papers

Although they lived on the same continent, John Winthrop and Benjamin Franklin lived in very different worlds. These men atomic number 18 similar in some respects, but overwhelmingly they are different. For example, John Winthrop and Benjamin Franklin can be considered leaders in their time frame. Winthrop direct the Puritans Franklin led his country to war. Both men also possessed many of the same virtues such as patience and work ethic. Despite these similarities, John Winthrop and Benjamin Franklin had a different style of living and a different philosophy of life. These differences are most notable in regards to religion, economics, and science. Perhaps the greatest difference between Winthrop and Franklin was their invite of religion. Winthrop, a devout Puritan, governed Massachusetts Bay. Every aspect of life in a Puritan settlement revolved around religion. The most important amour in order to establish Winthrops city upon a hill, was the need for the people to obey thei r governors and for the governors to obey God. If they did, God would adopt and protect the wilderness colony as He had the ancient Jews (Nash & Graves 31). Puritanism reflects the notion of pre-destination, indoctrinated by Calvinism, in which there are only two kinds of people the elect and the non-elect. The elect were the people, commonly ministers and high-ranking officers, who have been chosen by God to go to Heaven. The non-elect then, were the people who were not chosen. Fran...

Indigenous Populations Health Case Analysis Essay -- Healthcare Indig

IntroductionHomo sapiens, also called humans are best described as social animals. The accountability of this human behaviour lays with contrary factors, like goal, civilization, past history, etc. Among these factors, culture is the most significant. In the contemporary society, culture refers to composite reserve of principles, beliefs, knowledge, time concept, relations, etc passed-on from generation to generation, by groups (Roshan Cultural heritage Institute, 2001). Among the thousands of culture practiced throughout the world, aboriginal culture is one of the richest and oldest culture which is estimated to be 58000 to 75000 years old (Goosen, 2000, p. 72). Different cultures have distinct perceptions to the models of health. This essay spotlights everyplace the aboriginal culture, different models of health and their relevance to the case study of jenny.Discussion of case studyBeing an indigenous lady, jenny is deep rooted into her culture and society. Because of her baby delivery, she moved to urban area which made her vulnerable to variety of anxieties and stress.British colonisation on AustraliaTerra nullius was the official fiction, which lead to the invasion of British imperium on Australian mainland. Basically, it means the vacant and unpossessed terrains (Germov, 2009, p. 119). The first British fleet arrived at Botany Bay in 1788. This lead to various issues in the Australian indigenous society i.e. culture clash, indigenous dispossession, etc. Culture clash The term culture clash implies to the disruption between the people when two or more cultures exist together. Typically, culture clash is the drawback of multicultural society. According to Crisp and Taylor (2009, p.113), different fact... ...stone.Epstein, R. M., & Borrell-Carrio, F. (2005). The biopsychosocial model Exploring six impossible things. Families, Systems, & Health, 23(4), 426-431.Germov, J. (2009). Second opinion An introduction to health sociology (4th ed.). South Melbou rne, Australia Oxford University Press.Glittenberg, J. (2004). A transdisciplinary, transcultural model for health care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(1), 6-10.Goosen, G. C. (2000). Christian and Aboriginal interface in Australia. Theological Studies, 60(1), 72-94.Gustafson, D. L. (2005). Transcultural nursing supposition from a critical cultural perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(1), 2-16.Roshan Cultural Heritage Institute Cultural understanding through education and communication (2001). Retrieved Dec. 1, 2010, from http//www.roshaninstitute.org/templates/System/details.asp?id=39783&pelvic inflammatory disease=474552

Racism :: essays research papers

The sizzling streams of sunlight were just beautifully glimmering down on the crisp green school yard. such a wonderful day that was. Nothing could have ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go to the corner memory board and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walking over to the store, clouds flocked over the dazzling sun and the sudden pitch dark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys from Jimmys same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street to where he was. "Hey Negro, whats up?", one of the white Boy said. "Did your mammary gland pack you enough to eat to-day?", another hooted. " secure leave me alone.", Little Jimmy said "Oh no, Jimmys reall(a)y getting pist off?", the first boy retaliated. "Just shove off and let me be," Jimmy answered. It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people suffer discrimination. All because they ha ve differences amongst each other. Different beliefs, different cultures, different skin colour, all of these act like building blocks to help construct what we know as Racism. Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worlds like Canada and the States. Racism is a partially of each and every one of us. No doubt, we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely. Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a symbol of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is to it? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in which there is no shelter and nobody is neutral. Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse. On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walk around by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that I went, like the process of induction, everyone would stave off me. Like two i nducted poles with the same polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance and continue to do whatever theyre doing. Because of racial differences, they neglect me. People are horrified of the unknown, and it is this difference amongst people that spread rumors and distrust amongst people. Corrupting our thoughts and reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are omens.

The essence of a memoir is to look back at ones experience, and see Es

The essence of a memoir is to examine back at ones experience, and see how they have developed and matured.The essence of a memoir is to look back at ones experience, and seehow they have developed and matured. This is no different in DaveEggers fictitious memoir, A Heartbreaking Story of Staggering Genius.To explore what has changed a person it is important to look at whatmost of the persons time was spent doing. In Daves situation, thereis no shadow of a doubt, at the age of 22, his livelihood revolved aroundthe security and well being of his little familiar Christopher (Toph).To completely comprehend Eggers growth and maturity, it is essentialto analyze his relationship with his little brother Toph. Father,mother, brother, all wrapped in one, Dave becoming Tophs guardianconstructed the adult that Eggers would become.Dave did not become Tophs guardian because he wanted to, however becausehe was the one left over(p) over. Bill was come forward getting a job and Beth wasfinishi ng graduate school. Dave immediately tried to overcome thegrief of dealing with two dead parents, and taking care of Toph bymaking Tophs and his own lives fun. He spent all of the socialsecurity and inheritance on a nice house they went out all the timesinging to song, making of people in the car, playing lots of frisbeeat the beach. He seemed to drown out the sadness of the situation withtheir panegyrical money. At this point, Daves feelings still cannotescape him.Its Friday night and I should be out, across the bay, I should beout every night with the rest of the young people, holdfast my hair,spilling my beer, trying to get someone to touch my penis.. So yet, Icould be out, enjoying this freedom specifically and that... ... did verylittle lecturing (something everyones parents love to do) and justlet Toph explore life as it came. This is shown when Dave picks upToph from the girls house. Toph had played his first game of spin thebottle. Dave has all these expectations for Top h and was disappointedto hear that Toph thought nothing special of the girls, but instead ofgoing into his regrets he had, he just let it be, because Toph willfigure it out.This seems to be the parenting model in which Dave and Tophsrelationship is about. Dave spent slight time sheltering and trying tomold Toph to his expectations and more time just having fun with him.This created Toph to become an independent and responsible child.Because Toph was not a conventional parent, some whitethorn argue that Davehas little responsibility in Tophs maturing, but dont tell Dave,parent almighty, so.

Hamlet Analysis :: essays research papers

In Act 1 Scene 5 of Shakespeare&8217s hamlet, the tactual sensation of King settlement can be portrayed as either, a harsh, mean, and demanding father or a caring, nice, and misgiving dad. This depends on how you manipulate the sacking, actions, which includes speech, and other special effects. By manipulating the lighting on the ghost of King Hamlet, he can be presented as either a demanding and harsh father or a caring and understanding dad. To present the ghost as a demanding and harsh father you could use a bright red light shining on him. Using a red light would portray him as evil because the color red is associated with such things as fire and hell, both which have negative connotations. For example, at the low of the scene a single red light can shine down on the ghost from behind casting a dark specter onto Hamlet. When the ghost says, &8220Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. The single light from behind could move to directly over the ghost casting a fag en d onto his face to make him look even more menacing. Also, lights all over the stage would begin at a low red glow and lento rise to a bright red engulfing the whole stage when the ghost finishes off the quote saying, &8220murder. If you manipulate the light in another way the ghost can be presented as a caring father. By using a black-and-blue or a blue light would portray him as good because the colors of white and blue are connected with things such as heaven and angels, both of which have good connotations. For example, when showing the ghost, a white light could be coming at him from all angles, following wherever he goes. When the ghost of King Hamlet says, &8220Taint not thy mind&8230aught. A white light could be coming from under the stage shining up onto the ghost, and also from all other angles. This would cause the ghost to shine brightly from the light bouncing off his armor. Saying this quote while having white light surround him would further portray him as caring. This is because he is telling Hamlet not to harm, or even think of harming his mother. Not only does lighting show how the ghost of King Hamlet can be portrayed in two different ways, but it can also be displayed by his actions and speech.

Hamlet Analysis :: essays research papers

In Act 1 Scene 5 of Shakespeare&8217s Hamlet, the touching of King Hamlet set up be portrayed as either, a harsh, mean, and demanding father or a caring, nice, and understanding dad. This depends on how you manipulate the lighting, actions, which includes speech, and other special effects. By manipulating the lighting on the ghost of King Hamlet, he can be presented as either a demanding and harsh father or a caring and understanding dad. To present the ghost as a demanding and harsh father you could use a bright red light brilliant on him. Using a red light would portray him as evil be energize the color red is associated with such things as fire and hell, both which permit negative connotations. For example, at the beginning of the scene a single red light can shine down on the ghost from behind mould a dark shadow onto Hamlet. When the ghost says, &8220Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. The single light from behind could move to directly over the ghost casting a sh adow onto his face to make him look even more menacing. Also, lights all over the stage would begin at a pitiful red glow and slowly rise to a bright red engulfing the whole stage when the ghost finishes off the quote saying, &8220murder. If you manipulate the light in another way the ghost can be presented as a caring father. By using a white or a vipers bugloss light would portray him as soundly because the colors of white and blue are connected with things such as heaven and angels, both of which have good connotations. For example, when showing the ghost, a white light could be coming at him from all angles, following wherever he goes. When the ghost of King Hamlet says, &8220 asperse not thy mind&8230aught. A white light could be coming from under the stage shining up onto the ghost, and also from all other angles. This would cause the ghost to shine brightly from the light bouncing off his armor. Saying this quote while having white light surround him would further portray him as caring. This is because he is telling Hamlet not to harm, or even think of harming his mother. Not only does lighting show how the ghost of King Hamlet can be portrayed in two different ways, but it can also be displayed by his actions and speech.

Authentic Dialogue and Ethical Behavior

By definition, a confabulation is never superficial it is endlessly a shared inquiry in which the participants eek greater understanding of each other and the truth. The ability to engage in dialogue is a key learning required by leaders for underframeing and maintaining human relationships (Kohlrabies, 200636) Sam Grant (20105) said What we bring to dialogue Includes all of the beautiful heart, openness, creativity, courage and story we have sustain and developed throughout our lives up to that point, and, all the toxic socially constructed norms we have internalized, and therefore practice as well.What we take and apply FIFO to co-creating a better mutual ground together. unquestionable dialogue may or may not e the solution getting along, but positive dialogue mingled with different parties is definitely a problem. During this discourse authentic dialogue volition be evaluated and defined by comparing it to ethical behavior. Secondly the characteristics of authentic d ialogue and ethical behavior will be analyses and discussed.Thirdly the structure of authentic dialogue and ethical behavior, in South Afri pile schools, will follow. Further more than the parties involved will be evaluated and why they are targeted. Then the effects of fake dialogue, unethical behavior and other issues will be stated. Lastly, the discourse will be conclude by looking at suggestions on ways to improve the negative effects and summaries the argument by looking at the main points again and providing a short overview on authentic dialogue. 2.Dialogue can be starchyly defined as an h unrivalledst and open exchange between two or more people in which winning points is not the agenda of any parties to it, but rather, the mutual objective is to hear diverse perspectives on a topic in order to come to a more open understanding of how people make meaning, how they each arrived at he meaning they attach to something, and whether and how that meaning is quick-frozen in plac e and may be unfrozen and changed (Grant, 20108).Therefore dialogue, if it is allowed, helps people to see the world more openly, more complexly, more dynamically and thus, more clearly (Grant, 201010). Authentic dialogue can be classified as the combination of being real and really open in both conversation and in relationship (Grant, 20105). Grant (20105) further states that the universe itself is a grand relationship, and when people recognize that their whole life is a nonunion of diversity and wholeness they partner with the elan vital of transformation, rather than attempt to assert narrow and short term control for shallow self-interest (Grant, 20105).Domination falls off and partnership emerges. Fear falls away and love emerges. Therefore when people really start listening to each other, it opens up the space to genuinely relate to each other, which in turn, opens up a deeper conversation (Grant, 20105). Empathy toward themselves and each other moves people from their defa ult consciousness into a co- evolving consciousness that is precious and fragile (Grant, 20105). The deeper conversation co-generated is, all at once in spite of appearance them, in their relations, and in their way of engaging in systems. By using authentic dialogue it can open people minds, hearts and will.This creates the ability to co-generate a new presence, which invites a new world (Grant, 20105). Authentic dialogue can be apply as a transitional tool that opens up peoples minds mite their deeper knowledge and picking up from Aristotle five forms of inquiry (Grant, 20106). These forms of inquiry can be classified as science, art, practical wisdom, theory, and intuition. All these ways of owing can be used to bring into embodiment the future that people want to create (Grant, 20106). Too get there, people must let go of their preconceptions and well-read habits (Grant, 20106).Moreover authentic dialogue sets the conditions for authentic organizations and institutions with words and deeds truly in alignment. Once in alignment, people may realize that their existing perspective on how their more open to changing their will (Grant, 20106). AFRICAN SCHOOLS According to Rule (2004324), dialogue is not merely an educational technique it is something fundamental to the process of befitting a human being. Further dialogue is also a moment when humans meet where they reflect on their reality as they make and redo their reality (Rule, 2004325).Rule (2004325) emphasizes that dialogue and political action are related and that dialogue is not simply talking for its own sake. Moreover dialogue is part of transforming the world by using the reflections of what people know and may not know to change and transform reality. Thus Rule (2004326) argues that learners are not empty vessels which desire to be filled by the teacher and rejects banking education. Therefore the teacher can no longer be classified as the-one-who-teaches, UT rather one who is himself taught in dialogue with the students, who in turn while being taught also teach (Rule, 2004326).Further the learners and the teacher becomes Jointly responsible in the process where both parties project grow (Rule, 2004326). Furthermore Rule (2004326) proposes that teachers become students and students become teachers during the dialog process. It becomes more clearly that the role of the teacher is to guide learners and facilitate positive dialogue in the classroom (Rule, 2004326). The teacher can guide the learners through own life experiences, knowledge and examples. Therefore the teachers must ever behave in such a way that they set a good example for learners (Rule, 2004326).Thus teachers have the ability to change the learners attitudes by using authentic dialogue and ethical behavior. Teachers can build foundations of trust, truth, safety and respect (Rule, 2004326). When making use of authentic dialogue in a classroom, it helps to promote inclusively and equality. Teachers direct learners to acknowledge that there are different cultures in South Africa, different languages, different races and different life views (Rule, 2004326). The moment the learners realism that there are more than Just, me, myself, and I in this world, there can be a positive change.Learners will realism that no matter their background, culture, religion or race, they are all equal and the same (Rule, 2004326). It is a teachers Job to always be true to the learners, to guide them and to create a platform where they can freely speak their minds (Rule, 2004326). In conclusion authentic dialogue is a formal conversation between more than one party where the parties argue and share their views and perceptions regarding a specific topic. It is a key instrument which can be used to stop conflict and help promote positive change in this world.

Fighting in Hockey

Still today, there is a continued debate on whether fighting should be allowed or banned in the National Hockey League (NHL). In generalization, most people see that physiologicly fighting some wholeness, fist-to-fist, is a negative conflict. However, in certain sports fighting is the important objective of the sport. For instance boxing, kickboxing, or the rising sport of UFC (Ultimate Fighting Championship). Then people look at NHL, and point out that fighting is not the main(prenominal) purpose or goal of the sport.People who disapprove of the fighting also believe that getting rid of the fights in hockey may draw in new winnows. Fans that may see this newly constructed form of hockey as family-friendly. Although these people are trying to persuade the league into banning fights, there main focus as fans of the NHL, and maybe horizontal the parents of the kids who play hockey, are to argue that fighting invokes a unsafe playing environment for the frauds, and also gives a rotten national image to the sport of hockey and the good fundamentals of sportsmanship in general.Hockey may be a sound contact sport, but legion(predicate) concerned people believe that banning fights in hockey leads to a safer environment for athletes to compete in, and can also have many other benefits to the sport. Although banning fights in the NHL may have its benefits, fighting should not be eliminated from the sport of hockey in the NHL because of the tradition it upholds, the loss of fans, the fact that hockey is already physical and entertains people.So why is the issue of hockey fights being debated in the NHL? Its mainly due to the concern for the safety of the athletes, who by the way are professionals, which factor that money is involved if injury was to occur. With economics being meshed into the issue, fighting becomes a huge reason why this result is highly argued amongst the fans, players, general mangers, and even the team owners. With possible money issues and athlete injury risks on the line, why not just get rid of fighting now? EVIDENCE SECTION) In my major essay to counter act the fact that fights can lead to money loss due to the injury of a player, I will show that many people that watch the NHL are mostly intrigued and excited by the fights. According to the National Hockey League Fans Association (NHLFA) 91% of the fans oppose the full ban of fights in NHL games (www. nhlfa. com). So with the absence of fights in the NHL, there will be a loss of fans that watch the sport on television, and also a loss in attendance of fans at the sporting event.With less people interested of the sport, and less people watching the game either at ingleside or at the event, there will be greater economic loss to a team with less revenue and income, than just losing a player for an amount of time. Another piece of evidence that will be brought in is the fact that fighting in hockey is a tradition. By removing fights, you are fundamentally remov ing a part of the sport itself. I will also mention that athletes who go into the profession of hockey realize that fighting is tolerated, and are aware of the risks.not to mention its already a physical sport that involves a lot of risks. Back to fighting being a tradition of the NHL. Fighting has been tolerated for the NHLs history of 94 years, but I must point out that it is penalized and regulated. So fight someone at the risk of your health, and the risk of your team lovely the game. Another way to look at this is that fighting adds flare to the game. Kind of like how dunks in basketball adds flare.Essentially fighting and dunking are there to take out the game more entertaining for its fans/audience, which means that if its more entertaining maybe a higher fan base can be achieve. Which of variety leads to more money. Its all about the money (www. hockeyhistory. org) So why did I choose this topic and why is it an important issue? Personally I have never played hockey (comp etitively), but I am an avid sports fan and have seen some NHL games on T. V. I was watching ESPN one day and there was a debate on this issue between a hockey analyst and a former player and found the topic very interesting.This debate/topic is important because in the future if the rules of the game were to be changed, whether fighting stays or leaves, it could drastically change the sport itself, its fan base, and may even hurt the NHL greatly in an economic sense. Bibliography http//www. usatoday. com/sports/2004-09-02-pros-cons-fighting_x. htm http//sports. espn. go. com/nhl/columns/story? columnist=buccigross_john&id=2724254 http//www. nhl. com/ice/news. htm? id=413089 http//www. nhlfa. com/news/nr04_09_07. asp http//www. hockeyhistory. org/

As We Acquire More Knowledge Essay

As we tend to know more than(prenominal) about something we tend to take things to a nonher level. This could be challenging for some and for some it whitethorn be the thing they were looking for. I agree to an extent that as we mother more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious. However, it highly depends from person to person, the role of knowledge we acquire and lastly the expression in which we acquire that knowledge. spill the extra mile for some whitethorn be challenging and for some it may be their embark on of interest. It depends on the type of person you ar, whether you be somebody who likes challenges or whether you are someone who is afraid to go an extra step into exploring more and more knowledge. For most people acquiring more knowledge may be mysterious because in the end of the day you are putting your shoes in a different zone. This zone might be a zone where you are not comfortable in or a zone where you have no t been in there before. For example, studying about a different element that you may have heard of but have not yet gone deep into. Knowledge for some may start to get complex but this is because you end up in a zone you were not in before. However, for some they would not see this as a challenge or complex, but more of the fun they were looking for.Secondly, this depends on the type of knowledge you try and acquire. Some knowledge might require more effort to be put into it and some may require less. For example, if we were to acquire knowledge about something we have been acquiring for a long time, then our sources for this type of knowledge would be easily gathered. However, if the knowledge we try and acquire is new, then it is likely that we will find challenges in finding more information or collecting about it. It also depends on what the knowledge is about. For some, obtaining a certain type of knowledge is an easy task to get a hold of and this may be because the person has experience in this field.Lastly, it highly depends on how we acquire information or the process of acquiring knowledge. How we acquire knowledge depends on several(prenominal) factors such as knowing a reliable source to get information from, the way this knowledge is been delivered and how interpret it. Having a reliable source to acquire knowledge may be the start of how we can overcome complexity.This is because our source leads us to many materials that we can use to secure more knowledge. The way we are given this source or taught this knowledge also plays a big roll in complexity. For example, if we were taught bad habits in gathering knowledge or the way this knowledge is been taught to us to be dull then we will struggle with acquiring more knowledge. It also depends on how we interpret this knowledge. If we interpret this knowledge with a lot of excitement and concern then it is most likely that we are not going to find problems along the way.In conclusion, as we acquire m ore knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious to some extent. This is because this it depends on the type of person you are, the form of knowledge you are obtaining and lastly the process of gathering knowledge.

Diversity: Discrimination and Service Users

It is your economic consumption and responsibility to go out that all staff promote equality, smorgasbord and cellular inclusion, whether use uping with divine service users directly or indirectly. This butt joint be done in the followers routes Dignity and respect respect individuals need for privacy and dignity in the way that service is provided and the way that information is handled. Treat service users with tolerance and have a non-judgemental attitude data and Communication providing information in different formats for example large print, Braille, video, tape, total communication, other addresss, providing an interpreter.Value the contribution that each individual end make. Create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued, their talents are fully utilised and service meet the requirements of diverse service users. Embrace difference as a way of attracting and retaining staff and improving customer satisfaction. Provide relevant and appropriate acc ess for the participation, development and advancement of all individuals and groups. Remove physical barriers overcome physical features by removing them, altering them, avoiding them or providing access to work or service by an alternative method.Stereotypes, assumptions and bias avoid using negative or offensive language and images which convey stereotypes. Avoid making assumptions about peoples ability to do things or non do things, their attitudes and their persona circumstances. Dont digest that you understand their needs and requirements. Dont allow bias to affect decisions you make about recruitment, training, policies or procedures. Tailor services to needs Provide addendum aids such as an induction loop, prayer room.It is important that staff attend relevant training meetings and supervision so they are aware of their role and accountability with regards equality and innovation. Here they are able to learn the principles of good hold and keep up to date with new de velopments and neuters to relevant legislations. During supervision you should ensure staff are fully aware of the kicks procedure and they should be encouraged to report any issues they feel need to be challenged regarding discrimination.2. Challenge discrimination and excommunication in policy and practice Adult social care is a complex world of diverse organisations, dispersed responsibilities and growing user empowerment. As a provider of care and support you bequeath need to ensure that you understand the legal framework regarding equality, diversity, discrimination and rights and be able to relate this to your everyday role. buss at all levels and in all settings, should be seeking to ensure equality and eliminate discrimination by engage people using services and their families in shaping future support, present staff with a vision of a fair and equal service, create cultures which support equality and challenge discrimination, capture the shipment of the workforce a nd raise their awareness of the importance of equality equip them through training, standards and supervision to recognise and tackle discrimination, and enhance equality. work across boundaries with other agencies and services to raise the profile of equality and promote informed debate and commitment to change.It is also about challenging others if necessary and saying up for the individuals you support when they cannot speak up for themselves. It can be di?cult to challenge discrimination, particularly if it is institutional or practised by a colleague, so it is important that you consider how to deal with di?erent and often di?cult situations. To be able to challenge discrimination you require knowledge of policy, procedures and practice. If you feel con?dent about what is good practice, you pull up stakes be able to deal to a greater extent e?ectively with incidents that arise.When discrimination happens it may be intentional, but it can also be because of ignorance and lac k of understanding. It is not easy to change the views of others but you must challenge homophobic comments and actions. It is important to learn assertiveness strategies that can help when you recognise discrimination. When challenging discrimination, you should 1. explain what has happened or what has been said that is discriminatory 2. state the e?ect of this on the individual, group and others 3. suggest or model ways to ensure anti-discriminatory practice.In my job role, you have a job of care to challenge discrimination in a positive way and promote inclusion. When you are concerned about anti-discriminatory practice, whether by sta? or by service users, you should challenge it effectively so that future incidents of discrimination can be prevented. This will also empower individuals to understand their rights. When you are concerned about anti-discriminatory practice, whether by sta? or by service users, you should Always act fairly and try to see things from the other per sons point of view. Consider that there could be different pressures, needs and cultures. Always use positive language and never use words or phrases that could be disrespectful towards another person. Do not allow prejudices and stereotyping to influence you and do not accept any type of discriminatory behaviour. 2. 3 Provide others with information about the effects of discrimination As a manager the best way to provide staff with information about the effects of discrimination is to ensure they regularly attend the appropriate quality, diversity and inclusion training. You could also discuss this area during group meetings, supervision and appraisal. You should ensure all staff are aware of the procedures to follow if they suspect discrimination is fetching place or they are themselves the subject of any form of discrimination. All staff and service users should be aware of their rights. An easily accessible complaints procedure should be in use which can be accessed if they feel their rights are not being observed.Studies have found that discrimination, racism and harassment may have portentous mental and physical health consequences such as frustration, stress, anxiety, depression, possible nervous breakdown, or high blood pressure that can cause heart attacks. ostracise effects of discrimination physically and emotionally Depression Anger Loss of self-esteem Isolation Feeling stressed or unable to cope The semipermanent effects could include Loss of motivation Reduced individual rights Restricted opportunities Limited access to services Mental illness caused by stress the partake of inclusion Research has suggested that the feeling of inclusion is a critical factor in bridging individuals differences in age, race and gender in the study. In terms of the workforce, inclusion may lead to the feeling of acceptance in an organization which links to satisfaction with the organization and commitment to it. This in turn leads to increased prod uctivity and more effective team and partnership working. In respect of the service users, by considering their needs and then designing the services to meet those needs inclusion can be attained.By enabling people to access services and informing and supporting them, developing their self-help skills and developing meaningful services. This improves health and wellbeing, reduces discrimination and increases inclusion in mainstream services. the value of diversity Having a diverse group of workers and service users simply means recognizing that all the people are unique in their own way. Their differences could harp of their athletic ability, cultural background, personality, religious beliefs, and the list goes on.There has always been diversity in the workplace, but in today society it is important to value and hale it and make positive use of it. When people value diversity, they recognize and respect the fact that people are different and that these differences is generally a good thing. For example, when attempting to dissolve a problem, it is better to assemble a diverse team with many skills and many different ways of approaching the problem than it is to assemble a team that has all their strength concentrated in one area.This in turn will not only benefit both your organisation and the team as a whole but also the service users who use your services. 2. 4 Support others to challenge discrimination and exclusion In your role as Manager one of your most important responsibility, with regards discriminations and exclusion is to ensure all staff have attended the respective training and are fully aware of the workplace policies and procedures in this area.By ensuring staff have this information, knowledge and skills they will then be more able to identify situations where discrimination is taking place and will be aware of the correct procedures to follow in the event. Supporting both staff and service users to challenge discrimination and make a comp laint will also be part of your responsibility. Service users should also be supported and encouraged to complain if they feel discriminated against or excluded. By providing service users with details of where they can seek further support and advice egarding discrimination, will allow them to feel they have more choice and control over their lives. Every workplace should have the following in place to aid both service users and staff to complain Whistle blowing policy Complaint procedure Appeals procedure Once a complaint has been made it is important to monitor and review the situation periodically to ensure no reoccurrence happens. Some complaints may result in a review of practice and a change to the workplace policies which you would need to oversee. This would ensure that there is a clear directive for future similar events, should they occur.

Quality of Life Essay

Twenty first century is witnessing a world that has become an increasingly diverse and complex place. changing global trends are causing a paradigm transformation of cordial and cultural systems. Western societies are experiencing an accelerated aging and good deal in world(a) have evolved a misconception about todays elderly. They are perceived as being sick, isolated, self-centred and a burden on society, which is totally false. at that place is a need to develop social cohesion between generations and within the dodderyer generation to understand the matter in correct perspective.An effort has been do in this paper to focus on this key issue and highlight the importance of inter and intragenerational relationships to tint of career to of age(p) people. The present demographic pen of the United Kingdom reflects a number of consistent and marked trends. People are living increasingly longer, the birth rate is showing a perk up decline and the mean age is increasing stea dily. By 2031, the oer 80s community is predicted to double to 5 million, according to the Office of National Statistics.If the health of the elderly population follows current trends that allow for mean people spend more of their lives fighting various illnesses. Since 1981, the amount of time women can expect to live in slimy health has increased by 15%. For men, the length of misfortunate health rose by 34% (Triggle, 2004). Besides health, older people face the mobility problems, poor transport and lack of finance. Car usage declines with age and varies by sex. 77 per cent of men and 64 per cent of women old 65-74 in 2001 in massive Britain had access to automobiles (National Statistics, 2006). Today, we can observe a significant change in family structures.The realignment of family ethos has caused varying degrees of separation between the young and old members of families and affected familial relationships negatively. As people age and their working lives end, they may h ave more free time available to spend in a social circle. Barriers of older demeanor further enhance the necessity to promote inter and intragenerational relationships. This paper scrutinizes the various dimensions of quality of life at old age. It overviews the factors affecting quality of life and highlight the significance of relationships at old age.Components of Quality of LifeQuality of life is a wide ranging term. The Department for Work and Pensions of UK (2006) identifies five domains as the most pertinent to assessing progress in older peoples quality of life 1) Independence within inclusive communities. 2) Healthy, active living. 3) pallidity in work and ulterior life. 4) Material well-being. 5) Support and care. Independence within inclusive communities necessitates to address issues like exercising independence, exercising choices that give them control over key aspects of their lives, and participation in local community by means of inter and intragenerational re lationships.Health and active living deals with problems like access to healthcare proportionate to older peoples needs. Fairness in work and after life encompasses factors like job opportunities, involvement in decisions that affect their lives, and no age discrimination in access to goods, run and employment. Material wellbeing includes sustaining key elements of their previous lifestyle, and using their resources to best effect. Support and care encompasses the supply of care and support, availability of support in a form of forms to meet diverse needs, affordable care, and protection to older people from abuse.Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Older People Good quality of life in old age is a realistic ambition for all. Early old age, sometimes called the Third Age, between 55 and 75 years old, is the phase of life between leaving the labour market and the onset of physical dependency. There are a number of factors that affect quality of life at this age. A research study c arried out by Dr Blane (2003) concluded that quality of life for the affluent-healthy is higher than for the deprived-sick.Having control over when and when not to work has a significant equipage on quality of life. Then the quality and density of a persons social network was more important than the number of people in the network. Importance of Intergenerational and Intragenerational Relationships to Quality of Life The term generation has a numerous contemporary meanings, incorporating biological, familial and social factors (Back, 1987). An intergenerational perspective (between and across generations) highlights the reciprocal obligations, rights and influences between various generations.An intragenerational perspective identifies similar age groups and the succession of individuals who are distinguished by the bounds of a society and set apart by time and everyday experience (Fredriksen, 1993). Historically, within the UK, there had been a strong tradition of the young lear ning from the old in their function as respected elders or through structures such as apprenticeship schemes and trade guilds (Hatton, 2002). Significance of intergenerational relationships is evident from a survey which reports that to the elderly, welfare of children and grandchildren is twice as more important than their own health and bullion (Roy, 1999).Older parents have always been providing financial support in the forms of donations, gifts and regular monetary contributions to their children. They are also important sources of instrumental support (shopping, cleaning, home maintenance, childcare) and stimulated support (advice, validation) for their children (Bengtson, Rosenthal & Burton, 1990). Many elderly people continue to provide support for adult children and the provision of a home for ones children can break away well beyond middle age (Evandrou, Falkingham, Rake & Scott, 2001). Living arrangements are a key dimension of quality of life and well-being in old age .Older people living alone are more likely to enter an institution than those living with other people (Breeze, Slogett & Fletcher, 1999). Involvement of older persons in local communities contributes to their quality of life, as well as to the functioning of the community. The relationship between different groups of older persons is therefore very crucial in maintaining the quality of life (UN-Economic and Social Council, 2002). Altered patterns of mortality and fertility have made intergenerational structures in the family more top heavy and plumbly extended.While horizontal, intragenerational ties are shrinking, vertical ties across generations are more complex and durable than ever before in history (UN-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005). Importance of social groups and networks in later part of life is quite evident from a research study carried out in Scotland (Philip, Gilbert, Mauthner and Phimister, 2003). The participant observations and questionnaires have provided useful insights into the levels and types of participation in social groups among older people in the study area.The report finds that there is high level of participation and involvement in social groups amongst older people (aged over 60). As a whole, respondents attended 68 wide-ranging types of groups including civic participation (e. g. local government), voluntary activities (e. g. Red Cross Meals on Wheels), friendship, social, leisure, religious, cultural, heritage and special involution groups. Those aged in their seventies and early eighties were the most likely to be involved in social activitiesAnother study summarises that older people preferred the company of others, had a higher level of contact with friends and lower levels of psychological problems (McKee, 2002). In 2002 around three in ten men aged 80 and over and nearly one in five women in England said they owned a mobile phone. Use of mobile phones and the Internet helps older people to remain independ ent by making it easier for them to communicate with their family and friends or to access public and commercial services (National Statistics, 2006). Conclusion Society in the UK is changing. more people are living longer in greater prosperity.In the next decade, the numbers over 50, over 65 and over 80 will all increase to levels never seen before. We need a coherent strategy to manage that demographic change. Elaborate and diligent plans are required to enable older persons to continue to participate fully in all aspects of life. For a better quality of life, we need to promote the development of a society for all ages through the strengthening of intergenerational and intragenerational solidarity. Young generations have responsibilities and a special role in building a society for all ages. Older generations have equal role to play.

Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) Treatment for Breast Cancer

Magnetic resonance imaging manoeuvre focused ultrasound is alone noninvasive treatment for breast cancer which requires less anesthesia, recovery time and could avoid infections, scar formation and possibly reduce cost. It is the method of choice for surgical delimitation of many breast tumors, it can noninvasively measure ultrasound induced temperature. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging and FUS concurrently allow the delineation of tumors margins (American cancer society).The magnetic resonance imaging direct FUS system consist of a supply of unit for radio frequency conditioning, driving hydraulics, the cooling and fluidic system, MR- compatible ,ultrasound applicator, comprising a therapeutic ultra sound transducer with a hydraulically driven positioning system and coil for MRI within the MR- scanner and computer for therapy planning , MRI based temperature monitoring and MRI. The MRI guided FUS objective is to compute an optimize beam pattern that covers the targe ted area in such a way that the multiple focal ultrasound volumes are packed till the whole target volume are treated (American cancer society).Dying of nipple Cancer in the 1800sAccording to American cancer journal 1931-1940, during the MRI planning and FUS therapy, the breast is placed on the transparent window surrounded by the MRI coil. To optimize the ultrasound beam angle, the sonication window is adjusted close to the vertical axis by means of the center of the breast. Acoustic coupling is mediated by ultrasound jelly and water. The ultrasound wave are focused through the intact skin and resulted in the localized tissue ablation at a maximum temperature of 70 degree centigrade (www. cancer . org). Thus, nurses should teach the patient that MRI guided FUS therapy is safe and effective, with no side effect.It reduces the chance of anesthesia usage, infection, scar formation, recovery time and it is also very cheap. Effective teaching about the therapy exit reduce agitation , depression, fear and signs and symptoms. As nurses we should also emotionally support these patients, this will give them more hope and strength to fight this ill disease. References Noninvasive of Breast Cancer Therapy, the journal of Cancer Research (1916-30), the American journal of cancer (1931-40). Retrieve from http//www. cancer . org American Cancer Society, Retrieve from http//www. cancer . org

Paul`s Missionary Tactics in Acts Essay

From the beginning Almighty god has been using his saints by the business leader of Holy sum and accomplished several(prenominal) of His purposes. Jesus Christ instructed besides His disciples to turn over by the power of Holy Spirit who is a representative of mighty works of idol. And I will pray the Father, and he sh all told give you another(prenominal) Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever (John 1416) Even the Spirit of truth whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him but ye know him for he dwel permith with you, and shall be in you (John 1417)Introduction Over the centuries men and women who have accepted Christ as personal savior, the Holy Spirit came as a counselor, comforter, sanctifier, guide and witness. Believers manner of walking with God was more than powerful through trials and persecutions giving an experience and presence of Holy spirit in the lives of Gods people. The first Christian sick person Stephens death bro ught a great disturbance in the lives of believers in Jerusalem. Stephens was a Jew with Greek language had great piety and faith.The persecution of church began in Jerusalem with the passing away of Stephen of which Saul (later called as St. capital of Minnesota) stood as a witness. After the death of Stephen, Roman authorities elected Saul as a member of Sanhedrin Council and Saul was mightily working for Satan to perform rebellious actions against God. Saul began to enter synagogues and churches in the regions of Judea and Samaria putting men and women into prison. I verily persuasion with myself, that I ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth.Which thing I alike did in Jerusalem and many of the saints did I shut up in prison. . . . And I punished them oft in both synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme and being exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even unto strange cities. That Stephen was not the only one who suffered death may be se en from Sauls own scripts, And when they were put to death, I gave my voice against them. Acts 269-11. Acts Chapter 9 discusses a great miracle in the metropolis of Damascus which transformed the life of Saul to St. capital of Minnesota.And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutes green me? (Acts. 94) And he said, Who art thou, skipper? And the Lord said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest it is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. (Acts 95) Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise, and go into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do. (Acts 96) To another disciple called Ananias, the Lord appeared in a vision and said enquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus for, behold, he prayeth. (Acts 911)Ananias answered Lord, I have heard by many of this man, how much evil he hath done to thy saints at Jerusalem (Acts 913) The Lord said unto him Go thy way for he is a chosen vas for me, to bear my name originally the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of Israel (Acts 915) . When Ananias, position his hands on Saul and prayed, Saul received his lost eye sight and was filled with Holy Ghost. Saul returned to Jerusalem and began to preach in synanogues with more strength that Christ is the Son of God. Many Jews were surprised by the very fact that Saul began to preach the word of God and laid several plots to put to death him.In the areas of Judea, Galilea and Samaria, the power and comfort of Holy Ghost was present in the churches with the prevailing fear of God. In these times, Peter, Cornelius, Barnabas, Nicodemus were as well powerfully working for God buy the farm by Holy Ghost. There was an increasing work of Holy Ghost which was pouring spirit on chosen people to preach the word of God in Jerusalem. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch (Acts 1127) Barnabas began to search for Saul who became good friends by the fact of bein g Apostles of God.capital of Minnesota began to perform miracles of lifting the cripple, casting evil pot likker and spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ among Jews, Gentiles in Antioch, Iconium, Pisidia and Pamphylia. On several occasions, capital of Minnesota himself being a Roman, was imprisoned and was ill-spoken of by Jews and Greeks. The Lord spoke to capital of Minnesota Be of good cheer, Paul, for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome. (Acts 2311). God had diabolical abundantly the works and mission of Paul and Barnabas in Antioch. Methods Pauls missioner voyages are classified into three parts discussed in Acts.The first journey between 47-49 A. D was in Iconium discussed in Act 13 and 14 chapters, the second journey was between 50-53 A. D in Thessalonica discussed in Acts 15 and the third journey was between 53-57 A. D in Mitylene discussed in Act chap 18. Pauls first official missional journey began in 47-49 A. D, at Antioch in Syria which was an important place for early church. . While they were worshipping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them. So after they had fasted and prayed, they placed their hands on them and sent them off (Acts 131-3).Paul endeavored and persuaded to preach the word of God to both high and low societies of Syria. It was the work of Holy Spirit which lead Paul and Barnabas to take the journey where Jesus never preached. The second journey of Paul was in churches of Galatia (Acts 16-18) In every city Paul preached the gospel of Jesus Christ and was imprisoned for Pauls unenduring efforts of taking the word of God to the unreached places. God directed Paul also to visit new territory of Macedonia along with friends.The third journey of Paul ended in Jerusalem (Acts 19-21) Paul was never allowed into the temples to worship in acrimony of several appeals to Caesar. The third journey of Paul was in Asia Minor and in Europe which Paul covered extensively with the power of Holy Spirit. The success of Paul as a missionary was a very hard effort in bringing up the church as a human innovation on one side. On the other side, the Gospel of Jesus Christ as a Savior and redeemer of the world, was spread in Asia and Europe earlier by the credi bothrthiness of Paul.There were several opponents in missionary work which Paul approach whereas with the fasting and prayer and by the guidance of Holy Spirit, Paul endured and withstood among all the trials that Gods people come across. Results The book of Acts completely describes about the missionary work of Paul and the friendship with Barnabas and Apostles. Many sorcerers, magicians and several others were frightened with the power of Paul and some scorn to accept the message of Jesus Christ and the concept of Christian faith.Apart from missionary journeys which were described in Acts, Paul has also put effort in writing letters to Cori nth, Thessalonica, Philippians, Ephesians to develop faith among people of such urban areas. These letters depict another kind of sacred missionary work that people received from Paul. Throughout Pauls missionary work, there were political threats, societal problems, emotional disturbances and differences between Paul and Barnabas. Paul continued the faith work by prayer and fasting and also under the guidance of Holy Spirit.The power of Pentecost, descending of gifts of the spirit, spreading of gospel in Samaria, exaltation of cross, proclaiming Jesus Christ as the Son of God were some of the greatest acts which in later centuries have been taken care of by the believers and following of Jesus Christ, which lead to the development of Christianity around the world irrespective of geographical region, language or any other barrier. Paul was certainly lead by the power of Holy Spirit and clearly there were no tactics that Paul as a missionary performed to the development of early Ch urch in Jerusalem.The entire book of Acts clearly gives an evidence in each chapter, how Paul suffered in imprison, traveling from place to place and how he faced people who were shrewd to put Paul to death. The book of Acts also reveal that the Lord lead Paul out of every trouble and rescued to continue the missionary work. backchat Pauls missionary work was executed completely under the guidance and leadership of Holy Spirit. Saul which it was the name given as Pharisee was reborn into Roman name as Paul and humility and simplicity of a little child were the armor of Paul given by God.Paul had to arc before God disclosing demerits and unworthiness of personal traits. For many it was difficult to believe that Paul who was destroying churches could become a sincere follower of Jesus. It was all to the credit of Barnabas who brought Paul to the Apostles in Damascus and how God lead Saul being called as Paul to proclaim the name of Savior Jesus Christ. The Lord was very rapturous with the labor of Paul and gave a commission to enter broad missionary field of Gentile world. The missionary journeys Paul were extensive walking through every corner meeting Jews and Gentiles.There were different kind of experiences for Paul such as acceptance and rejection of the word of God. Paul maintained a good copulation with friends and Apostles who were with Paul in missionary journeys. Barnabas, aquilla, Priscilla and even with government officials of Rome Paul maintained a lawful order and discipline in spread the word of God. Paul had to face some of the cruelties of king Herod who sentenced James to death, imprisonment of Peter and the grief and pain of believers who spent most of time in fasting and praying.The missionary work of Paul has enabled Christian church to enter an important era. The strength and power of Holy Spirit has enabled Paul first to know the will of God and consider the power of God in carrying missionary work. Paul believed and relied solely on t he grace of God with pure thoughts and carrying noble deeds. Paul stated in speeches that Jesus is the source of power and by following the words of Jesus, people experience a touch of His living power.Paul prepared believers and preachers in missionary work and also practiced several proper strategies in performing missionary work and there are evidences of Paul considering own decisions in tour places or in preaching the word of God. Paul came across Sadducees and Pharisees where the former believed that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit whereas the latter believed in both (Acts 237,8). Some of the statements made by Paul have caused a great disturbance among Pharisees and took oath to put to Paul to death. (Acts 2312)God praised the success and achievement at every stage of Pauls missionary work. And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul for as thou has testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou hear witness also at Rome (A cts 2311) Paul as a chosen vessel of God, performed all the activities of missionary work under the true guidance of Holy Spirit which Paul received and in fact the power of Holy Spirit has enabled excessive strength and courage to Paul to stand before Roman Governors and even the authorities were surprised by the accusations made against Paul and on several occasions rescued Paul from death. (Acts2327)When Paul was arrested and was brought before Porcius Festus to question Paul for the allegations made Jews of Jerusalem, Festus said Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there by judged of these things before? (Acts 259). Paul immediately replied I stand at Caesars judgment seat, where I ought to be judged to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest. (Acts 2510) For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them.I appeal unto Caesar. (Ac t 2511) Pauls missionary work rendered a great warmth and satisfaction personally to Paul whereas Paul invited negative remarks of Jews which brought Paul to the altar of judgment before King Agrippa. Festus informs King Agrippa It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is impeach have the accusers face to face and have permission to answer himself concerning the crime laid against him. (Acts 2516)Paul justifies before king Agrippa My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the Jews Which knew me from the beginning if they would testify, that after the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. And now I stand and am judged for the hope of the omen made of God unto our fathers Unto which promise our twelve tribes, instantly serving God day and night, hope to come. For which hopes sake, king Agrippa, I am accused of the Jews. (Acts 264-7)Paul was obedient to the heavenl y visions and testifies to king Agrippa that with the help of God, have been witnessing both to small and great that Christ Jesus suffered, died and rose from dead in order to show light and redeem people from sin. (Act 2623) Conclusion In the final chapter of Acts, Paul is freed from Romans and enters into a hired house where Paul lived for two years and continued to preach about the kingdom of God and no man has ever forbidden Paul to do so.Paul says who, when they examined me, would have let me go, because there was no cause of death in me. ( Acts 2718) Paul was a chosen apostle of God who inspite of severe persecutions, arrests made by Pauls own people, worked stringently and untiringly in carrying the gospel of Jesus Christ in a professional manner which is clearly explained in the book of Acts. Paul faced allegations from several segments of society and from the Government of Rome who indirectly supported Paul for the sincerity that is evident in Pauls works and words.

Indian Ocean Region Essay

spay and Continuity of Commerce in the Indian sea Region from 650 CE to 1750 CE. The Indian Ocean has forever been a goodly trading region, between East Africa and China, that has caused religion, crops, languages, and people to spread. Through the rise and fall of powerful debark and sea empires, lot routes shifted and control switched hands numerous times over history. The goods have remained middling constant, compared to the mountainrs and the powers behind them that changed from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. Spices, textiles, manufactured goods, and raw goods were staples on the many of the routes that led from the coast of Zimbabwe all the way to the ports of China. beforehand(predicate) traders from Polynesia even traveled to Madagascar. With the rise of Islam and of the Mongol Empire, overseas trade slowed slightly because of the importance of the Silk Road as the main connection between China and Europe. However, as the Mongols declined, the Indian Ocean trade became more d istinguished to the empires or kingdoms of China and the regional powers of India.The Chinese Ming Dynasty engaged heavily in foreign trade and they displayed their riches with giant treasure ships and junks that sailed the day from China through the port of Malacca to the east coast of India. The ships carried silk and porcelain, goods that were in high demand in Europe and Arabia. The ships in addition picked up spices and hardwoods from Southeast Asian islands. In India, the absolute majority of these goods were sent on dhows to the Arabian Peninsula, stopping at major important ports like Aden, and then continue on to East Africa and the Swahili Coast states of Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala. The ships sailed according to the monsoons, they then returned loaded with gold and ivory from Africa, to China where the rack would restart. Eventually states like Gujurat and Cali shorten grew in importance in manufacturing and the textile production of cotton. The powers around the In dian Ocean remained in control, until the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. While Silk Road trade with Europe was thriving, Europeans wanted to cut out the Arab middlemen and get direct access to Asian goods.As the tools of navigation developed and new nation-states want after trade and exploration, Portugal led the continent in the race to Asia. When Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 by semivowel around the tip of Africa, he was greeted with a mocking laughter of people he needed to trade with and was turned down most of the goods he had to trade. The powerful merchants of Gujarat and neighboring states were used to the highest quality goods so they did not want to trade with Gamas poor quality goods. However, before long, Portugal took over almost all trade in the Indian Ocean, establishing ports like Goa in India and controlling strategic areas with their imperialistic manner.Around the same time, Britain also began its expansion and joined with joint-stock companies like the Dutch East India Company. They proceeded to dominate the region as well, taking land they thought suited their purposes. The sea empires and the cut off of foreign trade by the Ming dynasty did not greatly change the products traded, but did affect the overall trade system. Goods were now produced for the success of mercantilist people in European countries, not for the enrichment of local powers. While the trade routes and the goods that passed through them may not have been greatly changed, the tint of the European trading empires and the decline of nations like India and China changed who benefited from Indian Ocean trade and who were mostly involved.

Allelopathy Lab Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this lab was to observe the effects of chemical war among plants. Plant generators compete with some other plants and seeds, for sunlight, and nutrients in order to germinate. In order to win dominance oer other seeds, and reduce competition, plants produce and release a chemical in order to prevent other seeds from germination. This type of chemical warfare is referred to as allelopathy. Allelopathy exists in many parts of the plants such as leaves, roots, stems, or fruits, but not limited to just the plants. These toxic chemicals bed also be found in the surrounding soil, to prevent other plants or seeds from absorbing proper nutrients to stimulate produce. conclaves go away test for the strawman of allelopathic chemicals in plant shoots from the chaparral community. If the hollyhock exhibits allelopathy, wherefore an extract will inhibit the germination, and or growth of the radish seeds.MATERIALS & METHODSThe free radical prepared for this exp eriment in the lab of Professor Sadler at SBVC on the sulphur floor of the HLS building. First, the conventions set up for this lab by gathering leaves that Professor Sadler had already bagged and identified. Each taste was cleaned and striped of everything most importantly the stem, so that all was left was the leaf its self. Then each host weighed out Ten (10) grams of leaves, and then set into a blender with One hundred (100) milliliters or water. The root then blended the leaves and water until the mixture was a very thin fluid. Three (3) folded cheesecloths were placed into a funnel in order to remove any solids from the fluid itself, then poured into a lowly beaker, to be used later on in the experiment. Then each group prepared deuce (2) Petri dishes, by placing three (3) imbueed papers in the crumb of each Petri dish.After the filtered paper was placed into the bottom of each dish, twenty (20) radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) were then placed on top, and evenly distr ibuted throughout both Petri dishes, as to make sure none of them were touching. A final filtered paper was placed on top of the seeds and x (10) milliliterswere of distilled water was poured over the seeds of one Petri dish, the lid was then placed on the Petri dish and tagged stop. In the other Petri dish, the ten (10) milliliters of the filtered and blended mixture was added to the second Petri dish to make sure the filter papers were evenly saturated. The second lid was then placed over the Petri dish and labeled hollycock. The Petri dishes will then sit for a week for germination and then evaluated.RESUTLSAfter one week of germination, the group removed the lids of each Petri dish, and removed each seed that had germinated and measured the length of the entire stem and leaves. disport notice the attached page for the data of each seed. In the Petri dish labeled hollycock, Experiment Group A. the group tested a total number of twenty (20) radish seeds (Raphanus sativus), ou t of the twenty (20) seeds, on that point was only a twenty-five (25) percent of germination, and only five (5) seeds had actually germinated. The length of each seed varied in lengths from the shortest, three (3) millimeters to the longest fourteen (14) millimeters. Each length of all twenty (20) seedlings were added up and divided by twenty (20) and the group averaged 2.7 millimeters in length of the germinated seedlings.In the second Petri dish labeled control, Experiment Group B, out of the twenty (20) radish seeds tested with just distilled water, a percent of eighty-five (85) percent of successful germination, and the actual number was seventeen (17) actually germinated. The length of these seeds varied in sized from the shortest of seven (7) millimeters to the longest of ninety-two (92) millimeters. Each length of all germinated seeds from the controlled group were added up and then divided by twenty (20) and the average length of the germinated seedlings is 19.35 millimete rs.DISSCUSSIONAs a result of this lab it has been upraise that the hypothesis is in fact correct. In reference to the groups data, the radish seeds exhibited allelopathy, but a majority of them not germinating. Allelopathy derives from two separate words, allelon which means each other and pathos means to suffer. It is a type of chemical warfare that is used between plants and against other plants. Oddly enough, experiment group B, the controlled group seeds, that received the distilled water, germinated more then theexperiment group A, the ones that received the blend of water and hollycock leaves. The only riddle that the group faced was that it was difficult to completely blend the leaves of the hollycock plant to make it liquefiable enough to bum around just enough out to pour over the radish seeds.Other variables that could have possibly bear upon germination of the seeds, was but are not limited to, the amount of sunlight that was given to the seeds, and or if the tranqui l was evenly distributed. Although, the group measured out the exact amount of liquid needed for the seedlings, I can only wonder if some of the proteins or nourishments were left in the solid blending in the cheesecloths? In the end the hypothesis was supported by the groups data as the hollycock did exhibit signs of allelopathy.

“Invictus” by William E. Henley and “Anthem“ by Ayn Rand Essay

The poem Invictus by William E. Henley, and the novel Anthem by Ayn Rand, both have common themes that discuss the importance of individualism in each society are forbid and belief of the unspeakable word ego and the word I should be eliminated from the vocabulary in a effort to eradicated the true evil are present as individualism.One of the common themes between Rands novel, and Henleys poem is that, both of the main characters of these pieces are mulish to be nothing less than what they were made to be which is never-say-die. A quote from Anthem that supports this theme is, They (the rosy one) looked strait into our Equality 7-2521 eyes and they held our head high and they answered the unbeaten.(p.56). From this quote, the Golden one proves to think that Equality 7-2521 is an unconquerable existence, because of this determination, as well as will-power with all his doings. In Invictus, the protagonist does not see himself to be overwhelm by anything, but to always be able t o rise against his challengers. As the author states in Invictus , we convey whatever gods may be for my unconquerable soul. The leading character explains in this quote how he is invincible, and that this fall in was given to him, so therefore it cannot be taken away. I can relate this to Anthem , by recapping what happened to Equality 7-2521in his past experiences with the transgressor got burned alive, which made him steadily directed and immovable, such as in Invictus.Also, in both Anthem and Invictus, the protagonists of the story and poem, went finished physical pain, which I also believe has a masses of emotional pain involved as well. In Anthem Equality 7-2521 states this excerpt, They tore our clothes from our body, they threw us down upon our knees and they tied our hands to the iron post. The first blow of the lash felt as if our spikelet had been cut in 2. (p.64). From this quote we can gather that Equality 7-2521 had physical pain from the lashes, but also emotio nal pain behind the reasoning of the abuse.I believe that this had a hug Individuality, this word is what makes a person who they are. It can be molded into whatever one chooses it to be. It also puts you in control of yourself and guides you through your existence. Being individualized is what makes us human. We are not all the same. In the novel Anthem, the thought of individuality is a constant theme throughout the book. The main character, Equality believes he is cursed by being an individual, at first. Many similarities can be found between the novel Anthem and the poem Invictus.Invictus is Latin word for Unconquered. Another character, Liberty, will begin to call Equality unconquered in the novel. She believes he is unconquered because his appearance to her is different. She believes that because he is different that he will not be held down by the ossification surrounding him, therefore unconquered. Your eyes are as flame, but our brothers have neither hope nor fire. Your s ing is cut of granite, but our brothers are soft and humble. Your head is high, but our brothers cringe. You walk, but our brothers crawl. his poem Invictus, Out of the darkness that covers me, Balck as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul.These two quotes alone depict individuality really well and are similar in the message in ANTHEM AND THE POAM INVICTUS. Towards the end of the novel I think that Equality will tell the reader of how he will no longer live for anyone but himself and those that he loves and love him. It is my headland which thinks, and the judgment of my mind is the only searchlight that can find the truth. It is my will which chooses, and the choice of my will is the only edict I essential respect. I ask none to live for me, nor do I live for any others. These quotes are very similar to the last two line of Invictus. They read I am the master of my fate I am the captain of my soul.

Effects of Values on Economics Essay

Values butt end be described as beliefs that sight deep hold to. They guide the decisions and behaviors of these people. They are located deeply within the subconscious and are integrated into every area of everyday living. People use value to choose their behaviors, employments, friends, entertainment and sports among others. Values are assimilated to people especially when they are still young. They range from teachers, parents, coaches and clergy to nevertheless peers. Values assimilated during the early years of a persons life operate subconsciously as a basis for making decisions, choices and behaviors (Lopper, 2007).On the other hand, economicalal science can be defined as a social science that deals with production, distribution and the consumption of services and goods and their management (Princeton, 2006). This research paper is aimed at examining the role of values on economics. Religion and Economics Many view for a long cartridge clip construeed trust and eco nomics as separate as cheese and chalk despite the fact that tour Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations touched on holiness (Weber, 2004). Many economics regard piety as a dark world which is unreachable through their analytical tools.It should be famous that religion is such(prenominal) a wide field that economics cannot ignore and as years erupts the wisecrack between the two fields ram a shit gradually been reduced. This was initiated by an economist from the University of Chicago, Gary Becker who has already won a Nobel price for his efforts to applying economics in studying drugs, family interactions and crime (Weber, 2004). Though economics treat most theological questions such as the nature of God as if they were lepers, they yield of late studied the earthly subjects of how people sell and buy services and goods, whether religious or material, that is provided by the religion.More study and research on religion have been undertaken after the attack of the Un ited States on September eleven by the warring Islamic groups. Economics professor, Laurent Lannaccone from George Mason University in his statement agreed that for a long sentence the economists had snub religion be piddle of the belief that it would be overtaken by the ever- bring oning secularization later however, many have realized that religion is also a powerful force in the modern society (Weber, 2004).Of late, another concept the economics of religion has been framed that is founded on the belief that human macrocosms are rational in choices about their religion in the same way they are in economics, for example buying a good. Producers of mosques, temples, temples and churches compete for members (who are in this case their customers) and this they do by drawing those who are secular or members of other congregations (Weber, 2004). set up of religion on the economy Religious rituals and beliefs have distinct make on the performance of an economy. anterior results fro m researches conducted have shown that that there are interdict do resulting from participating in sacred rituals but those on phantasmal beliefs have shown positive effects (Bowman, 2004). It has been argued that religion has both positive and negative effects on the economy. Some have argued that religion can bring material advantages with Max Weber arguing that the cream ethics by the Protestants was the cause of the prosperity in Europe. Recently, a professor at Harvard, Robert Barro is head for the hillsing towards examining the think between economic developing and religion (Bowman, 2004).In his studies, he concludes that at the microeconomic level, religious betrothal has been associated with lowered rates of drug abuse, crime and other vices. Another economist from Harvard, Richard Freeman concluded in his studies that those black youths who go to church were likely to abstain from committing crimes and using drugs as healthful as having a higher tipency of attend ing schools (Bowman, 2004). However, in economic terms and richness, no quantitative research has proven that religion has any direct effect on the income and if any by what level.This has been hindered by the difficulty enter in dividing the cause and the effect. Even if the church goers whitethorn be constitutioned as richer, there whitethorn not be any tangible proof that it is the religion that made them richer because it is possible that it is the richer people who may be likely to go to church or become generally religious. Unrelated traits for example face-to-face discipline or greater ambition may be the reason of one succeeding in his or her job and at the same time attend to their religious duties (Bowman, 2004).Mr. Gluber, states that one possible cause of religious people being rich is that as they attend either mosque, church or synagogue gatherings, this can yield social capital which is just web of relations that fosters trust. These relations are essential as the y allow business dealings and transactions between such people to become fine and cheaper respectively. The other possible reason that is given is that those who are religious have better emotional and fiscal insurance.This is important because when they fall into an economic setback, they are able to recover more than quickly because of the support from their buster worshippers (Bowman, 2004). Mr. Grubers results also claim that religious people especially the church goers may become richer as attendance to places of worship may also lead to lesser chances of dropping from schools. Also religious groups have been known to support the education of their members by offering bursaries either directly to the students or to the schools that they manage (Bowman, 2004).Also, many religious groups have been known to motivate their members to work hard towards their success and this may be a contributing compute to their wealth increase. Religion also teaches on supernatural interventio n in the members endeavors and this allows them to be focused on success than failure (Bowman, 2004). Negative relationship between religiosity and economics growth There are general negative effects in the relationship between religiosity and economic growth.One such is the fact that religious groups, especially Christianity, preach giving which is regarded as a factor that undermines investment which is a setback to economic growth. Another setback of religiosity to the economic growth is that it is incriminate of undermining the work ethics using its own teachings as a cover up. Many members of religious groups have been known to remain idle or being lazy and instead substitute work with their religious duties. It is also reported that many religious groups teach doctrines that oppose modern attitudes such as contraception technologies and markets egalitarian repression (Bowman, 2004).On the other hand, economic development has got negative effects on religion with the studies showing that overall development (represented by per capita GDP reduces religiosity. The secularization thesis has shown that people tend to become less religious when income increases. They loose entertain of attending religious meeting places and portraying their religious beliefs. Economic growth makes religion to be less considered in policy making, political work on, and legal process and also in social programs such as friendships, marriages and colleagues (McClearly, 2008).Though Max Webers thesis The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism indicate that religion raise productivity for they mold separate characters such as work ethic, thrift and honesty, it also shows that it religious beliefs have a negative effects on economic development as increased attendance to their places of worship take more of their re witnessers and time . The religious sector is also known to place restrictions on markets for insurance and credit (McCleary, 2008). The other negative effe ct of religion on economics is that it produces religious terrorism that has been as a result of income inequality and poverty.In contrast, research conducted by Alan Krueger shows that religious terrorists in most cases are well educated and not from poor background. Many religious terrorists view violence not a way of life but as an end to economic and political ends. They feel that they are destroying a form that they are not determine with (McCleary, 2008). Marx idea on religion According to Karl Max, religion is an expression of economic justice and material realities, heart that problems in any given religion are also the problems in the society.Max referred to religion as a symptom and not a disease (Cline, 2009). He also claimed that religion has been used by the oppressors to encourage those who are exploited and poor. He stated that religion speaks contrary to what is dignified in a human being by rendering them servile and more amenable to accepting the status quo(Cl ine, 2009). He argued that religion is dependent on economics meaning that the actual doctrines of religion are irrelevant. Also religion is an illusion giving excuses and reasons so that it can keep the society to function as it is.Much as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, religion takes our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being cal take a god(Cline, 2009). India- Caste corpse due to Hinduism Caste system is a religious be system in India of human groups that is based on occupation and hereditary factors. This system is very mingled and has been known to have several setbacks. The members of these groups are restricted to their hereditary occupations.The Indian society is divided into 4 groups Brahmas are from priestly families, the warrior and ruling class, Vaishyas are businessmen, farmers and traders. The laborers and peasants are the shudras while panchamas were the untouchable. The negative effects of the caste system are that some members of the community are discriminated based on their groups. However, due to higher education, globalization, economic growths and change with people from other communities, the Indias population is slowly deviating from the caste system.Even the government of India has decided to bashfulness some jobs for the members of the lower castes (FactsaboutIndia, 2008). Islamic Countries and Shariah Laws In the Islamic nations governed by the sharia laws, no interest is allowed to be charged on any loan that is given as it goes against the Koranic law against usury. In some countries such as Afghanistan, women are never allowed to wear high heel shoes as well as white socks, as the sharia considers them sexually luring. In the same nation, music is never allowed that includes cassettes in vehicles.Many forms of entertainments such as watching movies or plays are never allowed with women being prevented from occupying some professionals and occupations which, causes some to flee the country or commit suicide (Aluko, 1999). Men who do not have beard up to certain lengths are never allowed to have some jobs or allocated some contracts this means that women do not benefit from any government contracts in Afghanistan. In such countries, Shariah views Islam as a philosophy of life, social enact, a system of economic principle and a ruling order which all the Muslims must adhere to (Aluko, 1999).The ethics of Islamic economics rejects excessive concern for the accumulation of lucre but more with acquisition of goods fulfilling social obligations to the society. The other characteristics of Shariah laws include tax discrimination on non Muslims so that they can be encouraged to become Muslims. On inheritance, the Koran states that brothers must get epitome of what their daughters get (Aluko, 1999). United States- Effects of Christian values In US, it has been noted that people have more consumer cho ice in utilisation their religions than any other part of the economy.Churches function independently as contractors in the religious free market of the United States. In USA, Evangelical Protestantism is known for entrepreneurial development in the church structure in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church that follows the ecclesiastic polity (Sparks, 2007). The evangelistic churches have their congregations or appointed boards have the final say on any matter such as the church budget. In some mega churches however, the pastor is seen as the Chief executive officer exercising high level authority.The churches in the United States are known to offer not only spiritual nourishment to their members, but also other products such as music and video tapes as well as books (Sparks, 2007). Sale of alcoholic products on sunlights has not been allowed in many cities of the United States as Sunday has been regarded as the day of worship for the Christians (Andre, 2009). Abortion Effects of Rights on Economics Freedom has been termed as the railway locomotive that pushes economic growth that is sustainable and allows all people to have increased prosperity. Economic freedom is essentially ensuring that human rights are respected (Kim, 2007).Equality- Women Rights Promoting gender equality has been understood as an important part in an effective economic and human development strategy. Gender equality in education has positively been associated with economic development. Research previously done has shown that any nation that does not work towards the closing of gender infract in education will experience a fall in per capita income (Chen, 2004). In addition the report by the Arab human development team showed that lack of women empowerment has contributed to less human development in the Arabic regions.If women are enabled to acquire education for example through distant learning, it will allow them to introduce in tire out market while at their homes and this woul d in turn result in up(p) gender equality. It has been shown that nations in the sub Saharan Africa, South Asia, North Africa and Middle East has a greater gender disparity especially in education and if they could only close this gap, their per capita GDP can grow significantly per year (Chen, 2004). The reasons that are raised to prove these arguments are that educated women are often added to the labour market and this improves the economy of the country.The other reason is that educated women will improve the intellectual environment at home that in turn leads to a productive workforce indeed economic growth (Chen, 2004). The proponents of bondage stated that they relied on servitude so that they can hasten their need for labour. The labor population was decreasing and thus they believed that African slaves were efficient to fulfill their needs for laborers. When tobacco was discovered in 1600s and became the main source of income for the colonialists, it called for more lan d and thus more laborers.Slave trade brought a great fortune to the colonialists unfortunately, the benefit obtained were used to get more slaves (Dodson, 2003) Spanish colonies- encomienda and repartamiento The encomienda was a labour system employed by the flower of Spain during its colonization in America. Some trustees and soldiers were allocated a specific number of natives whom they were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholic faith and in return receive tribute from the natives in form of labour or gold. This allowed the encomendero to take even the land that belonged to the natives (Answers Corporation, 2009).On the other hand, repartimiento was a system applied by Spanish colonialists on native population of America where the later was forced to perform some tasks for the former for a stop of time in the year without any pay or for a low pay. This system led many natives to flee from their communities while other accepted to work and even signed contracts for the period th at they were to work (Answers Corporation, 2009). A property right is the authority that allows one to determine how a resource should be used. all(prenominal) economic goods are protected by the property rights.Property rights have been confirmed to play a major role in the promotion of both political and economic development. Intellectual rights are mechanisms that facilitate innovation by giving the inventors monopoly of their discovery (Robin). CONCLUSION From the discussing, it is clear that divergent values have different effects on the economics. These values include the religious values which have been discussed with examples of the Shariah law, the caste system of India and Christianity in the United States of America. Other values discussed include those related to human rights such as women rights, slavery and property rights.It is vivid that different values have either positive or negative effects on economics or even both.REFERENCESAndre. (2009). Sunday alcohol sale s Fear versus the facts. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http//www. peachpundit. com/2009/02/25/sunday-alcohol-sales-fear-versus-the-facts/ Aluko, S. A. (1999). The social and economic implications of Shariah law. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http//www. dawodu. com/aluko1. htm Answers Corporation. (2009). Encomienda system. Retrieved March 25, 2009, from http//www. answers. com/topic/encomienda-system

Pak Study Notes

PAKISTAN STUDIES DOWNFALL OF MUSLIMS IN SUBCONTINENT 18th ascorbic acid witnessed study change in to devil continents of the knowledge base i. e atomic number 63 and Asia In Europe strong monarchies and corporate communities or merchant communities were on the rise w here(predicate) as india the Rule of Moslems in India were pic abundant powers expiry breath. Sev whilel causes lead to the decline of muslims power in India contributory factors which proved last stubble for muslim empire in India. )No suceesion Plan- counterbalance and Major reason of decline of Islamic chance in Indian subcontinent was that in that respect was no succession in muslims after the death of iodine king his brformer(a)s, sons fought with each other(a) at that sequence Darwinian theory of survival of fittest was suited to Indian kings where altogether correctlyl has ascend to thr adept and weaker was killed or incarcinated. )Geographical expansion of The empire- The second reason was that the empire of muslim was capacious it stratches from Present india, Pakistan and Afghanistan it was full to impossible to g all overn that coarse bea firearm sitting in star superior city which ultimately creates the feeling of sovereignty in sm alone states which lead to unrest in sm every states. 3)Deterioration of Morality- Most of Kings were fond of liquior and women these two factors lead the way for decline of Mugh al empire abundance of wealth, luxurious vivification and leisure make them reckless and in postulatent to rule. ) Lack of orginised the utters specialy Navay- Islamics were needed the orginised Army after death of jehangir the commanders of the Army were directd in conspiricies in order to get to the throne where as their main foucs was the power then to concentrate on Preparation to face aggression from bulge out gradient. Portougees, cut and slope entered through sea route for commercial aspires where they captured coastal aras and create the ir Garrisons and formed strong orginsied thread consist of local anaesthetics as healthful their own manpower. )Intellectual Bankrupcy- As muslim rules indulged in immoral activities there comconformityness to create a viable training has divert to leisure and luxurious tone.. 6)Corrupt administration- Minsters,courtiers accept bribes which ultimately weakend the foundation of Islamic rule in Indian . 7)Invasion of Nadir shah and Ahmed shah Abdali- Invasion of Nadir shah and Ahmed shah abdali in india aggrandized the situation for rulers destruction of dehli loot and pl beneath of Nadir shah has weaknd the authority of rulers and the empire had become economicalally weak. )Rise of Sikhs and Marahtas- During the age of farukhsiar and jahandar shah Banda Bahadar has killed the governor of sirhandi wazir khan and captured the argona where as nationalism of Marahtas too rose to the extent that their influence was to the Dehli. 9)Advent of eastern approximately india Compon y- Advent of east india compony into Indian soil become the last st rude in to rule of muslims they came to india as the grapplers where they started their disruptive activities and finaly became the rulers of subcontinents PAKISTANI CULTURE Q. 1. Define ending and Describe the salient features of Pakistani farming.Contents * 1 definition of last * 2 Pakistani Culture is an Moslem Culture * 3 Salient Features of Pakistani Culture * 4 Conclusion Definition of Culture Culture whitethorn be defined as conduct peculiar to human beings, together with material objects used. Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs duty, codes, institution, tools, techniques, whole shebang of arts, ceremonies and so on. E. B. Taylor defines assimilation as the composite proposet whole which include knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a ingredient of rescript. According to altogetherama IqbalCulture encompasses all t he mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation. It includes teh introductory beliefs and faith, values and literature, art and architecture, music and elbow room of dress, dashs and customs prevalent in a given society. Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its real existence is imputable to Islam, so the Pakistani affableisation is primarily base on the Islamic way of life. All other ingredients of culture argon inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highschoollighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble workings and ideas.Salient Features of Pakistani Culture The main characteristics of Pakistani culture atomic number 18 as fol grims 1. Religious Uniformity Pakistan came into existence to provide its state a system of life based on Islam. The populate, in spite of some differences of languages, customs and traditions commonly follow one worship of Islam. This is the religion, which is practice d by all masses of Pakistan. 2. Language A number of languages ar spoken in Pakistan. Some of them be Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushto and Balochi. however Urdu is spoken and chthonicstand in all parts of Pakistan.Being the official language, it is the media of conversation between all offices of Pakistan. 3. Literature and Poetry Literature is an important aspect of our heathen life. Most of our poets reverberate Islamic code and trend in their poetry. They gave the message of love and brotherhood. Similarity of idea amongst poets and writers of all regions is an important factor of our cultural life. 4. Dress and Diet Dress is an important menifestation of culture. The regional dresses of Pakistan under go changes in the light of local traditions, economic condition, way of living and wealth in the region.But in all Provinces people generally wear Shalwar Kameez. 5. Mixed Culture Pakistani culture is mixed culture although absolute studyity of people ar Muslims by birth and f aith. But there is extensive influence of Hindus and British culture on the present Pakistani society. 6. Male Dominated Society In Pakistani culture, the male fragment of the family enjoys the key position. Family is headed by a male portion and in to the highest degree cases, he is the sole mention of income for other members of the family. 7. contrivances and Architecture The iconoclasm of Islam has given a characteristic form and pattern in the se of elegant designs, based on geometric figures and floral forms borrowed from nature. The Shah Jahan masjid, Shalimar Garden, Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qila and many an(prenominal) such graceful buildings ar a living proof of the excellent Mughal architecture. 8. Handicrafts Embroidery, leather works, glazed pottery, wood work, carpet making, metal crafts and ivory atomic number 18 the essential parts of our culture. Pakistani craftsmen ar considered as the best in their craftsmenship. They argon known for the high character wo rks which is very popular in foreign countries. 9. Recreational Activities SportsThe recreational activities all over the Pakistan be common. The games standardised Cricket, Hockey, Football, Kabaddi etc are popular in every part of our country. These games reflect our cultural identity. 10. breeding Education contributes a great deal in developing national character. Educational system licentiousnesss a vital role in the formation of Culture, Unity and realarity of a nation. It is thusly, important that the entire syllabus unspoiled from the lower to high level should be placed in accordance with the ideology of Pakistan. 11. Religious Festivals Festivals play an important part of our culture.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great satisfaction passim the country. 12. Islamic Rituals and Religious Festivals Islamic rituals and festivals play an important part of our culture. The rituals and festivals are observed wi th whimsical enthusiasm. Obligatory prayers, fasts during the month of Ramadan and the payment of Zakat prescribed by Islam are being observed almost everywhere. Statistics promulgate that Paksitanis attendance at Hajj is unremarkably very high. The enthusiasm with which Pakistani families celebrate religious festivals is a inspirational spectacle.Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha are our two main religious festivals. They are celebrated with great happiness throughout the country. 13. Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets Ulema, Mushaikh and Sufi Poets occupy an honoured place in our cultural aspect of life. Sufis like Lal Shahbaz, Data Ganj Baksh, Shah Abdul latif, Sachal Sarmast, Hazrat sultan Bahu and Waris Shah rendered meritorious services for the spread of Islam in the Sub Continent. Conclusion Culture which includes religion, literature art, architecture, dresses, music, manners and customs has its roots in the Islamic culture.Islam has described the make ups and duties of every indi vidual. Even in drinking, eating and dressing, we nurture to observe certain rules prescribed by Islam. So it may be said that Pakistani culture represents the veritable picture of Islamic culture. * 1 Introduction * 2 Definition of Culture * 3 Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture * 4 Archaeological heritage * 5 Architectural Heritage * 6 Heritage in Fine Arts * 7 Conclusion Introduction In the emergence of any nation, its cultural heritage and its glorious past play a vital role and serves as a seeded player of inspiration and pride for its people.Our country Pakistan is accordingly proud of its cultural heritage. Definition of Culture Culture may be defined as behaviour peculiar to human beings, together with material objects used. Culture consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, codes, institution, tools, techniques, works of arts, ceremonies and so on. E. B. Taylor defines culture as the complex whole which include knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and an y other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. According to Allama Iqbal Culture encompasses all the mental, spiritual and physical activities of a nation.It includes teh basic beliefs and faith, values and literature, art and architecture, music and mode of dress, manners and customs prevalent in a given society. Pakistani Culture is an Islamic Culture Pakistan is an ideological Islamic State. Its very existence is receivable to Islam, so the Pakistani culture is primarily based on the Islamic way of life. All other ingredients of culture are inspired by Islam. Pakistani culture is highlighted by its grandeur, simplicity, firm convictions and noble deeds and ideas. Archaeological Heritage Pakistan has been the cradle of civilization that dates back more than five millenium.Over the centuries, through successive waves of migrations from the northwards West, as well as by internal migrations across the Sub Continent, Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Arabs and Mug hals came and settled in the region and stick left behind the archaeological sites in Pakistan which is now being preserved. A brief study of the diverse civilizations which flourished and then perished with the passage of time is as under 1. Moen-jo-Daro Moen-jo-Daro is situated at a infinite of some kilometers from Larkana. A civilization fourished there some 4000 years ago.It was discovered by Sir John marshal in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro stands as most spectecular of all the excavate cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is strange that at its glory, it was a splendiferous city with brick walled houses, pillared halls, commercialises, baths, lanes, streets and public places. Every house had walls, drains and bathrooms inside it. 2. Harappa Harappa is situated in the city of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists see that Harappa excessively belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920. 3. GandharaIt is comparatively a new civil ization, the regions comprising Northern Punjab, Peshawar valley and Eastern Afghanistan was known as Gandhara. For a long time it go oned the meeting place of various antediluvian patriarch cultures, as it was rule by many rulers. A distinctive art which is known as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were widely here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all made prominent features of Gandhara Arts. 4. Buddhistic Remains The Buddhist era ushered in some 500 years B. C.The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N. W. F. P, it dates 2-5 century old. Some mounds were alike found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas mighty Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells are also found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture. 5. Taxila It was excavated in recent generation near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the most popular name in hi humbug. It came into prominence during the Persian bloodline. At its zenith, the city was the sum of religious and cultural activities. 6. ThattaThe main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of Indo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. Notable among them is the great mosque construct by Shah-Jahan. The principle monuments of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill. Architectural Heritage 1. Lahore Fort It is also known as the Shahi Qila. It was built by Akbar. The main structures inside the fort are the Moti Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab caravansarya, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir gates are also remarkable constructions. 2. Badshahi Masjid It was built by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi.The masjid has been built with red stones while the domes are in marble. 3. Jahangir Tomb This tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is known as a fine building of Lahore. 4. Shalimar Garden It is situated on the Gr and Trunk Road and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Gran referabler. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other. Besides there is an elaborate and pleasing reservoir, water channels and fountains. 5. Masjid Wazir Khan It is situated in Kashmir Bazaar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan. 6. Golden Masjid It is situated near Masjid Wazir Khan.It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture. 7. Mahabat Khan Masjid This masjid was built by a Governor of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with high-sounding minarets. 8. The Fort of Bala Hasar This fort was built on molestd platform 92 feet from the ground level. at that place are two gardens near the fort. Heritage in Fine Arts 1. Paintings Muslims brought with them the artistic taditions of Baghdad when they came to South Asia. In the begi nning the walls and roofs of palaces and other buildings were embellish with pictoral and floral designs.Gradually paintings gained firm ground. Mughal emperors were fond of paintings. Humayun brought with him two Persian painters, Mir Syed Tabrezi and Khawaja Abdul Samad. They adorned the story of Amir Hamza was pictorially rendered through paintings by these luminaries. During the days of Akbar the number of painters in the court ontogenyd manifold. This helped browse the art of paintings. The matching of colours reached its zenith. The painters rendered pictorial copies of many a book and their fine paintings decorated a number of important public buildings. Jahangir was a great connoisseur and admirer of this art.He could name the painter by looking at his painting. During his days the art of painting reached its climax. Beautiful plants, flowers, wights, birds and ingrained scenes were multicolor. The paintings of battle scenes, sieges and animal fights were painted with realism and unparalleled attraction. The art of painting has developed slowly in the Muslim of South Asia. In the beginning decorative paintings and embroidery were made on the walls and ceilings of buildings. The Mughal rulers were very fond of paintings. The traditional art of painting occupies a prominent place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan.Abdul Rehman Ghugtai, Haji Mohammad Sharif, Jamil Nagshare are the most marvellous painters. 2. Calligraphy The Muslim took a keen interest in the promotion of calligraphy. Its main reason is their incomprehensible love for Holy Quran. In the South Asian Muslim Society to be an educated and a civilized person on had to know the art of calligraphy. During this menses various patterns of calligraphy were developed. Calligraphy was not confined to paper only but it got its way even on the buildings. The Masjids constructed during primal and medieval finiss of Islam were decorated with masterpieces of calligraphy.Aurangzeb Alamgir w as the last knock-down(a) Mughal ruler who practiced the art of calligraphy. 3. Architecture and Sculptuer Architecture reflects the natural inclination and sagacity of people. The Muslim art of architecture was unique in every aspect. The architecture and all the miniature arts including carving, sculpture, mosaic works, tile works and paintings were called upon to build new Masjids and palaces. The Muslim buildings are spacious broad, wide, well proportioned and well exposed to ligth. Muslims introduced perpendicular design in their buildings and the upper portion of Muslim buildings is never a virtuous straight line.It is often traversed by balconies, domes and minarets. Conclusion In the victimisation of Pakistani society, its cultural heritage has vie a vital role. Pakistani nation is furtherly proud of the historical period which brings with nearly quaternary century B. C and continued with the advent of Islam in the Sub Continent in 8th century A. D. Our cultural herita ge expresses courage, patience and hard life. They all are in connection with life which is a fundamental part of Islamic teachings. ECONOMICS PROGRESS OF PAKISTAN * History of frugal Planning in Pakistan * splendour of Economic Planning in Pakistan * Effective Planning in Pakistan capital of Sri Lanka Plan (1951-57) History of Economic Planning in Pakistan National economic think is a technical joke and requires trained military intensity to carry it out. The various types of finalitys involved in think are partly policy-making but in general they are technical. A plan when it is prepared requires a section or an authority to implement it as a legally enforceable document. On the other hand, it requires administrative machinery for implementation, supervision and evaluation of its results. The function of intend is usually entrusted to a specialized body like provision board or a planning committee or a planning commission.It is usually attached 10 one of the national m inistry, or it may have a separate ministry of its own. After independence in 1947, the parsimony of Pakistan was very poor. The neighbor country India did not want Pakistan to be economically stable and strong. But the governance of Pakistan took up the job of establishing the institution of planning in the country. A suppuration board was set up in 1948 to machinate the growth and development among different run by the establishment. Meanwhile, a planning advisory board was established. The target of setting up this board was to advise and assist the development board in the attend of planning.Pakistans economic development planning began in 1948. The development board and planning advisory board jointtly started the carry out of planning in Pakistan. A six year development plan (1951-57) was prepared on the recommendations of Colombo Consultation Committee. The plan envisaged a total expenditure of Rs. 2600 million. But the sign effort was unsystematic, partly because o f hapless staffing. In 1953, the organisation replaced the development board with a new autonomous body called the planning board. The introductory five year plan (1955-60) was prepared by this board and was released in 1957.It was the beginning of systematic planning in Pakistan. In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, generally because political instability led to a unload of economic policy, but in 1958 the government renewed its commitment to planning by establishing the Planning Commission. The game Five Year Plan (1960-65) surpassed its major goals when all empyreans showed substantial growth. The plan encouraged private entrepreneurs to infix in those activities in which a great deal of profit could be made, while the government acted in those sectors of the thrift where private business was reluctant to operate.This mix of private enterprise and social responsibility was hailed as a model that other developing countries could follow. Pakistans success, however, partially depended on generous infusions of foreign aid, particularly from the united States. After the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir, the level of foreign assistance declined. More resources than had been intended also were diverted to defense. As a result, the Third Five-Year Plan (1965-70), designed along the lines of its immediate predecessor, produced only modest growth. When the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came to power in 1971, planning was virtually bypassed.The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1970-75) was abandoned as East Pakistan became free-living Bangladesh. Under Bhutto, only annual plans were prepared, and they were gargantuanly ignored. The Zia government accorded more importance to planning. The fifth Five-Year Plan (1978-83) was an assay to stabilize the economy and improve the standard of living of the poorest segment of the population. Increased defence expenditures and a alluvion of refugees to Pakistan after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, as well as the sharp increase in International oil imp cinchments in 1979-80, drew resources away from planned investments.Never the less, some of the plans goals were attained. Many of the restrainers on industry were liberalized or abolished, the balance of payments deficit was kept under control, and Pakistan became self-sufficient in all basic food squashs with the exception of edible oils. Yet the plan failed to stimulate substantial private industrial investment and to raise materially the expenditure on rural infrastructure development. The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1983-88) represented a significant shift toward the private sector.It was designed to tackle some of the major problems of the economy low investment and nest egg ratios low agricultural productivity heavy reliance on imported nada and low outlay on health and education. The economy grew at the targeted average of 6. 5 percent during the plan period and would have exceeded the target if it had not been for severe droughts in 1986 and 1987. The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1988-93) provided for total public-sector spending of Rs. 350 billion.Of this total, 38 percent was designated for energy, 18 percent for transportation and communications, 9 percent for water, 8 percent for physical infrastructure and housing, 7 percent for education, 5 percent industry and minerals, 4 percent for health, and 11 percent for other sectors. The plan gave much greater emphasis than forwards to private investment in all sector of the economy. amount of money planned private investment was Rs. 292 billion, and the private to public ratio of investment was expected to rise from 4258 in fiscal year 1988 to 4852 in fiscal year 1993.It was also intended that public-sector corporations finance most of their own investment programs through profits and borrowing. In August 1991, the government established a working group on private investment for the Eight Five-Year Plan (1993-98). This group, which include leading industrialists, Presidents of chambers of commerce and senior civil servants, submitted its report in late 1992. However, in early 1994, the eighth plan had not yet been announced, mainly because the successive changes of government in 1993 forced ministers to counsel on short(p) terms issues.Instead, economic policy for fiscal year 1994 was being guided by an annual plan. Introduction There is no precise definition of economic planning which is acceptable to all economists and political thinkers. The idea under-lying planning is a conscious and deliberate use of resources of a community with a view to achieve certain targets of product for the overall development of the economy. As the targets of production and development are different in different economies, so the definition of economic planning is different for all economists. Prof. H. D. Dickinson defines economic planning asThe making of major economic decisions, what and how mush is to be produced and to w hom it is to be allocated by the conscious decision of a determinate authority, on the basis of a comprehensive survey of the economic system as a whole. In developing countries, planning is considered an essential mean of guiding and accelerating their development. The need for planning arises because the market mechanism does not function well and efficiently in underdeveloped nations. The problems of what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce and how to produce are not properly solved by price mechanism.There is generally inefficient allocation of resources among its many option uses. In addition to this, the spill over benefits and costs (benefits obtained or cost imposed without compensation by third parties from the production of other parties) are not taken into consideration. There is also lack of reading and rapid changes in the economy. This leads to excessive uncertainties some the economic events in the next. Considering all these conditions, it is increasi ngly felt that price mechanism cannot be fully relied upon to maximize growth in the economy.The developing nations must adopt development planning to overcome poverty. In developing countries of the world like Pakistan, there is a strong and powerful swing towards planning. The importance of economic planning can be looked from these perspective. 1. Decisions of the Planning Authority are transcendent The planning authority has a better insight into the economic problems of the country. It can mobilize and utilize the operational resources in the best interest of its citizens. 2. Coordinated Programmed In a country there are millions of persons who are engaged in economic activities for earning profit.The decisions taken by some of most of them may be short sighted, irrational, self frustrating and socially disastrous. If machinery is created to coordinate the working of the businessmen, the economy can be set on the right lines and the country can progress at the maximum possibl e rate of growth. 3. Eliminating Business Fluctuations All the market economies of the world have faced and are passing through various phases of barter cycle. The period of prosperity is followed by a period of low activity. Planning has proved to be a powerful instrument in eliminating business fluctuations. . Reducing Economic Inequalities In the capitalist countries, the gap between the profuse and the poor is widening. This has created social bitterness and heart burning among the have not. Planning has proved to be an sound weapon in reducing the shocking inequalities in income. 5. Provision of Job Opportunities With the aid of planning, the resources of country are utilized to the maximum. All the able bodied persons are gainfully employed. There is also security of income, elevate and employment. 6. Elimination of Wasteful CompetitionPlanning is also advocated on the ground that it eliminates wasteful competition among the produces on advertisment, salesmanship etc. The re is also no duplication of staff and machinery as it is the market economy. 7. Proper Distribution of Resources In the market economy, the resources of the country are utilized for the production of only those commodities which yield more profits. The items may be cream, powder, lipstick, fridge, car, stuff etc. In a planned economy, however, will be proper distribution of resources, between the production of essential and non-essential safe(p)s. 8. Prevents Artificial ShortagesIn an unplanned economy, the industrialists and businessmen withhold the supply of goods and create artificial scarcity with a view to making profits. Planning discourages such malpractices and through planned production and proper supply of goods, the prices of the commodities are not allowed to fluctuate. The formation of trusts, cartels, patents, price agreement, market sharing etc is completely banned. 9. Keeping down the Social cost In a market economy, the social costs which normally take the form o f industrial diseases, industrial accidents, smoke atmosphere, overcrowding, cyclical unemployment etc. re passed on to the society as a whole by the capitalists. By planning, it is possible to eliminate or keep down these social costs by pickings over the industries and extending the range of public ownership into various sectors of economy. 10. Creating Favourable Terms of Trade If the terms of trade are persistently unfavourable, it adversely affects the rate of economic growth of the country. The state, through planning can control the volume and direction of foreign trade, so that the terms of trade remain favourable and the country moves quickly on the trail of economic development. 11.Making Major Economic Changes In a free enterprise economy the market mechanism fails to create major economic changes such as industrial revolution, rationalization campaign in the country. The government measures facilitate, stimulate, guide and control the means of production through plann ing. 12. High Rate of hood Accumulation As planning makes optimum allocation of a countrys resources, it can, therefore, secure for greater rate of capital accumulation than is possible in a market economy. However, Pakistan is an under developed country and economic planning is necessary to boosts its resources.This economic planning should be long-term because annual economic development plans cannot offer satisfying results. Thats the period of development plans is usually kept five years. All developments plans of Pakistan are of five years. Except that xx and fifteen years perspective plans were also made. ECONOMICS OF PAKISTAN Q. 1. Discuss the main characteristics of the providence of Pakistan? Introduction Islamic Republic of Pakistan is an under developed country. The characteristics of the economy of Pakistan are almost the same of the economy of any under developed country.The main characteristics of the economy of Pakistan are as follows. 1. Border of International D ebt Most of the developing countries are depending on foreign economic assistance to meet the short fall in domestic nest egg and for quickening the pace of economic developement. As the year pass, the amount of foreign loans is increasing. The liability of debt servicing has change magnitude manifold. In Pakistan, debt service payments amount to 2309 million dollars in 1996-97 which is a heavy burden. 2. Low per Capital Income absolute majority of the people living in developing countries are poverty ridden.Poverty is reflected in low per capital income. state pass away in unsanitary conditions. Service like health, education expand very slowly. In short, in the main the people in LDCs (less developed countries) are ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed and ill-educated. People here are involved in misery-go-round. In Pakistan the per capital income at current market prices is Rs. 18,320 in 1996-97 (470 dollars). 3. Agriculture, the Main Occupation In developing countries two thir d or even more of the people live in rural areas. Their main occupation is agriculture which is in a backward stage. The average land holding and the yield per acre is low.The peasants mostly live at a subsistence level. As far as Pakistan is concerned agriculture contributes 25% of GDP. 4. Dualistic Economy The economies of developing countries are characterized by dualism. Dualism refers to economic and social division in the economy. For instance, in the developing countries one is the market economy and the other is the subsistence economy. Both the economies exist side by side. In and around the city, there is a market economy which is well developed. Ultra modern facilities of life are available here. But in rural areas the economy is primitive, backward and agriculture, oriented.Similarly, industrial sector uses capital intensive techniques and produce var. of capital goods. The rural sector produces commodities mainly with traditional techniques. The standard of living of t he people living in market economy is high but that of their brothers living in subsistence sector is low. The dualistic nature of the economy is not conductive to healthy economic progress. 5. Under-Utilization of Natural Resources An important characteristics of the developing countries is that their natural resources either remain un-utilized or under-utilized or mis-utilized.Most of the countries are rich in resources but they remain un-utilized or under-utilized due to lack of capital, primitive techniques of production, limited size of the market and sluggish nature of the people. 6. High Rates of Population gain Almost all the developing countries are having a high population growth rate and a declining death rate. The development made with low per capital incomes and low rates of capital formation here is swallowed up by increased population. As a result there is no or very slow improvement in the living standards of the people. In Pakistan the rate of increase in populatio n is estimated about 2. 7% per annum. This high growth rate is offsetting all achievements of developments. 7. Unemployment Another notable feature of developing countries is vast unemployment and disguised unemployment both in the rural and in the urban areas. It is estimated at 31% of the labour force in LDCs. The unemployment is increasing with the spread of education and urbanization. 8. Low Level of Productivity In developing countries people are economically backward. The main causes of backwardness are low labour efficiency, immobility of labour due to joint family system, cultural and pshychological factors leading to low level of productivity. . Deficiency of Capital Deficiency of capital is some other common sign in all the developing countries of the word. The capital deficiency is mainly due to (1) low per capital income (2) low rate of saving (3) low rate of investment (4) Inequalities of wealth (5) adoption of usage pattern of advanced countries (6) Higher level expe nditure on consumption etc. 10. Backward State of Technology All the developing countries are in the backward state of technology. The technological backwardness is due to (1) higher cost of production scorn low money wages (2) Deficiency of Capital 3) predomination of unskilled and untrained workers (4) Dualism (5) Misallocation of resources etc These are the major hurdles in the spread of techniques in the LDCs. 11. Dependence on Export of Primary Products The LDCs are still relying on the 19th century pattern of external trade. They are mainly producing and exporting primary commodities to the developed countries and importing finished goods and machinery from them. 12. Influence of Feudal Lords In Pakistan, like many other developing countries, the poor are under the hard grip of feudal lords and tribal heads.It is in the interest of the feudal lords that the poor should remain poor. NATURAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Introduction Resources are defined as a means of meeting a need, particularly an economic or social need, of the people. The term usually refers to natural resources like land, water, air. Natural resources are largely unchanged materials of the land that are valuable to people and used in variety of ways. Pakistan is rich in natural resources. It has mountains, plains, deserts, fertile soils, rivers and oceans. Natural Resources are very important for the development and prosperity of a country.The important thing is to utilize them for the welfare of the human beings and development of the country economically because the progress of a country totally depends upon the utilization of the available resources. The important natural resources are described as under 1. Soil The Soil of Pakistan belongs to dry group having high calcium carbonate and field and deficient in organic matter. These vary in colour from reddish brownish in the north to red or gray in the south. These soils are generally fertile due to process of formation. The newly depo sited alluvium near the river is called Khaddar and mostly consists of sand.The old alluvium of the bar uplands, called Bangar, consists of fine particles loams. At the foot of the mountains the soil is sandy and generally becomes finer towards the plains where Khankah, limestone concentration, is occasionally found. The soils of the Thal and the Thar deserts and of Balochistan are wind-blown. In southern Potwar a thin layer of residual soil covering is found. Soil is defined as that part of the unconsolidated material covering the surface of the earth which supports plant growth. It has three major constituents. (1) Solid Particles (Salts, mineral and organic matter), (2) air and (3) water.The type of soil formed is a function of topography, climate botany and the parent rocks from which the soil material is derived. Soil material transported and deposited by running water is known as alluvium which that transported and deposited by winds form aeolian soil. Soils formed in silt are termed residual. Soil forming process is complex and continuous. As a result, soils vary in their chemical composition colour, texture and organic content place to place. 2. Water Water is basic need of life. Human beings, animals and plants cannot live without water. Water is essential for sustaining quality of life on earth.This finite commodity has a direct bearing on almost all sectors of economy. In Pakistan its importance is more than ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy. The share of agricultural sector in the Gross internal Product (GDP) of Pakistan is about 25%. Since agriculture is the major user of water, therefore sustainability of agriculture depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. The increasing pressures of population and industrialization have already placed greater gather ups on water, with an ever increasing number and intensity of local and regional conflicts over its availability and use.Historically, the high aridity index o f the country is adding further to the significance of water in development activities in Pakistan. Though, once a water-surplus country with huge water-resources of the Indus River System, Pakistan is now a water-deficit country. Surface water-resources of Pakistan are mainly based on the flows of the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus River has a total length of 2900 kilometres (Km) and the drainage-area is about 9,66,000 sq. km.Five major tributaries joining its eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej besides, three minor tributaries are the Soan, Harow, and Siran, which drain in mountainous areas. The famous lakes of Pakistan are Haleji Lake, Hana Lake, Keenjhar Lake, Manchhar Lake, Saiful Muluk Lake. 3. air travel/Winds Air is very important for the existence of life because all living beings respire through air. The air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide etc. These are the base of existence of ever form of life on earth. The oxygen in th e air is essential for our life whereas other gases are necessary for animal and plant life. . Forests Forests are extensive, continuous areas of land dominated by trees. The forests of Pakistan reflect great physiographic, climate and edaphic contrasts in the country. The desired level of forests is 20-30 percent of the total land of a country. In Pakistan only about 4. 8 percent of the total area is forested which is very low. Forests are important in many different ways. From an ecological point of view, they help to maintain a balance in the environment by checking taint and protecting the soil from erosion by wind or water and intercepting rainfall, particularly on incline ground.By preventing soil erosion, the trees on the slopes of hills also regulate the supply of water to the reservoirs thereby reducing floods. Decomposition of leaves helps in humus formation, which maintains the fertility of the soil. This ensures food supply to millions of people. From a commercial and industrial point of view, forests provide raw materials to various industries e. g. timber, pharmaceutical paper. They also have recreational value, promote tourism and provide employment in the forest department.The are many employment opportunities that depend on the forests. The type and distribution of forests are most linked to altitude. In areas above the snow line, there is hardly any vegetation. Alpine forests grow just below the snow line. From 1000 to 4000 meters, coniferous forests are found. Below 1000 meters, only irrigated plantations have good species of wood. 5. Minerals and Power/Energy Resources Minerals and power resources are the foundation of economic development. They help in giving an initial push to the raising of production in all sectors of the economy.Pakistan has a large variety of minerals some of which have Bubatantial reserves and quite a few are of high quality. Besides rock salt, coal, iron, ore, limestone, chromite, gypsum, marble, copper, magneti te and uracil useful deposits of magnesite, sulphur, barites, china clay, bauxite, antimony ore, bentonite, dolomite, fire clay, fluorite, fullers earth, phosphate rock, silica sand, soap stone and molybdenum are found in the country development. Semi-autonomous corporations under the Ministry of Petroleum and natural resources have been set up for the purpose.These are the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC), the Resource Development Corporation (RDC) and the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP). Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, some proven oil reserves, coal and a large hydropower potential. However, the exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic political constraints. Domestic petroleum production totals only about half the countrys oil needs, and the need to import oil has contributed to Pakistans trade deficits and past shortages of foreign exchange.The current gover nment has announced that privatization in the oil and gas sector is a priority, as is the substitution of indigenous gas for imported oil, especially in the production of power. Pakistan is a world leader in the use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for personal automobiles. EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT OF PAKISTAN * function of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards Muslim education * Aligarh Movement * Sind Madressah-tul-Islam contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan towards Muslim education. Sir Syeds (1817-98) Contribution towards Muslim EducationPerhaps the Muslims of the Sub-Continent owe their greatest gratitude to Syed Ahmed Khan. He flourished in the second half of the 19th century. His talent, deep-insight, love for Islam and hard work compete a major role in the revival of Muslims in India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 to a Syed family in Delhi. He started his career as a humble judicial official in the English East India Company. Later on he served on important jobs. Sir Syed Ahmed Kha n alone among his contemporiies realized that the dilemma of Muslims could not be improved without a revolution in their attitude towards education.The Muslims were inimical to western education for three reason. 1. They considered it inferior to traditional Islamic learning. 2. It was being forced upon them by a foreign people, and 3. They thought that an education saturated with Christianity might corrupt their beliefs. During the war of independency he saved the lives of many Englishmen. The Government centered the title of Sir on him. Thus, he won the confidence of the British Government. After the war of Independence the Muslims were passing through a critical phase. By refusing to acquire western education they were not guardianship pace with modern times.The Muslims hated English language and culture. They kept their children away from the schools and colleges. But in this manner they were unconsciously damaging the interests of the Muslim Community. Their ignorance of the English language and lack of modem education kept them away from nice government posts. On the other hand the Hindus acquired modem knowledge and dominated the government jobs. Syed Ahmed Khan was the initiatory Muslim leader to realize the gravity of the situation. He was greatly pained to see the miserable condition of the Muslims everywhere.He contumacious to devote his full efforts for the welfare of the Muslims. The first need was the removal of mistrust about the Muslims from the minds of British rulers. For this purpose he wrote Essay on the causes of Indian Revolt in which he proved that there were many factors which led to the uprising of 1857 and that only the Muslims were not to be held responsible for it. In addition he wrote trustworthy Muhammadans of India in which too he defended the Muslims against the charges of disloyalty. These works restored confidence of the British in the Muslims to a large extent.The Sir Syed Ahmed Khan turned his attention towards the e ducational uplift of his co-religionists. He told the Muslims that without acquiring modern education they could not compete with the Hindus. He pleaded that there was no harm in adopting western sciences and in learning English language. He issued a magazine named Tahzib-ul-Ikhlaq which projected adoptable European manners. Salient features of the political, educational and religious contributions of Syed Ahmed Khan are as given below 1. In 1863 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a Scientific Society.The purpose of this society was translation of English books into Urdu language. 2. During his stay at Aligarh he issued a weekly publish called Aligarh Institute Gazette. 3. In 1869 Syed Ahmed Khan visited England. There he studied the system of Education. Moreover he wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmedya in answer to Sir William Muirs book Life of Muhammad. 4. In 1870 he issued his famous magazine named Tehzib-ul-Ikhlaq in order to apprise the Muslims of their social evils and moral short comings. This magazine promoted Urdu language immensely. Shortly afterwards Syed Ahmed Khan wrote a commentary on the Holy Quran.In this work Syed Ahmed Khan interpreted Islam on logical and scientific basis. Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the pioneers of the devil Nation Theory. He openly declared that the Hindus and the Muslims were two different communities with different interests. He advised the Muslims to intermit from Joining Indian National social intercourse. In May 1875, Syed Ahmed Khan founded Muhammadan Anglo Oriental High schoolhouse at Aligarh. Two years later in 1877 this school was elevated to the status of a college by Lord Lytton the British Viceroy himself. M. A. O College Aligarh was a residential institution.It rendered great services in conveyance of title modern education to the Muslims. It boasted of the services of many renowned scholars of that period like professor T. W. Arnold in Philosophy, Sir Walter capital of North Carolina in English, Maulana Shibli in Persia n and Jadu Nath Chakarwati in Mathematics. In 1921 M. A. O College was raised to teh status of Aligarh University. This throne of teaming vie a significant part in infusing spirit of Islamic nationalism among the Muslim students. These students later on became the torch bearers of the freedom movement in Indo-Pakistan.With the view of promoting the educational cause of 70 million Indian Muslims, Sir Syed founded, in 1886, the Muhammadan Educational Conference which held its meeting at various places to provide a forum for discussing problems that affected the Muslims at large. The principal aims of the Conference were 1. To make an effort to spread among the Muslims western education to the higher standard. 2. To enquire into the state of religious education in English schools founded and endowed by the Muslims, and to find out means to conduct it in the best possible way. 3.To give some strengthened support to the culture voluntarily imparted by Muslim divines in religious and other oriental learnings and adopt some measures to maintain it as a living concern. 4. To examine a state of education and instruction in the indigenous primary schools and take steps to remove their present state of decay in directing them onto the path of progress. Muhammadan Educational Conference used to hold its annual meetings in various cities where by the cooperation of local Muslims steps were taken for the progress of Education. MOVEMENT OF PAKISTAN 1 Introduction * 2 Beginning of Political occupational group * 3 Member of Imperial legislative Council (1910) * 4 Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity * 5 Jinnahs Differences with the Congress * 6 Delhi Proposals (1927) * 7 Quaids Fourteen Points (1929) * 8 Reorganizatoin of Muslim union * 9 Lacknow seance 1937 * 10 Day of bringing (22nd December, 1939) * 11 Demand for Pakistan (23rd March, 1940) * 12 Cripps Scheme (1942) * 13 Divide and Quit (1942) * 14 Jinnah Gandhi Talks (1944) * 15 Simla Conference (1945) * 16 General El ections (1945-46) * 17 Delhi Convention (1946) 18 Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) * 19 Direct Action Day (16th August, 1946) * 20 Partition Day (1947) * 21 Leader of a lax Nation * 22 Death of the Great Leader Introduction The services and dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement need no introduction. In this movement, the personality of Quaid-e-Azam and his immense struggle made the tough cloy of the foundation of Pakistan easy and finally, the Muslims of India were successful in reading their destination for which they underwent a long journey under the Quaid. Beginning of Political CareerIf Jinnahs stay in London was the sowing time, the first decade in Bombay, after diminish from England, was the germination session, the next decade (1906-1916) tag the vintage stage it could also be called a period of idealism, as Jinnah was a romanticist both in personal and political life. Jinnah came out of his shell, political calcium light shone on hi m he was budding as a lawyer and flowering as a political personality. A political child during the first decade of the century, Jinnah had become a political giant before Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. Aziz Baig Jinnah and his Times) Once he was firmly established in the legal profession, Jinnah formally entered politics in 1905 from from the platform of the Indian National Congress. He went to England in that year along with Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915), as a member of a Congress delegation to plead the cause of India Self-government during the British elections. A year later, he served as Secretary of Dadabhai Noaroji (1825-1917), the then Indian National Congress President, which was considered a great honour for a budding politician.Here, at the Calcutta Congress session (December 1906), he also made his first political idiom in support of the resolution on self-government. Member of Imperial Legislative Council (1910) Three years later, in January 1910 Jinna h was elected to the newly-constituted Imperial Legislative Council. All through his parliamentary career, which spanned some four decades, he was plausibly the most powerful voice in the cause of Indian freedom and Indian rights, who was also the first Indian to pilot a private members Bill through the Council, shortly became a leader of a group inside the legistature.Mr. Montagu (1879-1924), Secretary of State for India, at the close of the First populace War, considered Jinnah Perfect mannered, impressive-looking, build up to the teeth with dialecties Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity For about three decades since his entry into politics in 1906, Jinnah passionately believed in and assiduously worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. Gokhale, the foremost Hindu leader before Gandhi, had once said of him, He has the true stuff and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.And, to be sure, he did become the architect of Hindu-M uslim Unity, he was responsible for the Congress- compact Pact of 1916, known popularly as Lucknow Pact- the only pact ever signed between the two political organisations, the Congress and the All-India Muslim confederation, representing, as they did, the two major communities in the subcontinent. The Congress-League scheme embodied in this pact was to become the basis for the Montagu-Chemlsford Reforms, also known as the Act of 1919. In retrospect, the Lucknow Pact represented a milestone in the evolution of Indian politics.For one thing, it conceded Muslims the right to separate electorate, reservation of seats in the legislatures and weightage in representation both at the eye and the minority provinces. Thus, their retention was ensured in the next phase of reforms. For another, it represented a tacit recognition of the All-India Muslim League as the representative organisation of the Muslims, thus strengthening the trend towards Muslim individuality in Indian politics. And to Jinnah goes the credit for all this.Thus, by 1917, Jinnah came to be recognised among both Hindus and Muslims as one of Indias most outstanding political leaders. Not only was he prominent in the Congress and the Imperial Legislative Council, he was also the President of the All-India Muslim League and that of the Bombay Branch of the Home Rule League. More important, because of his key-role in the Congress-League entente at Lucknow, he was hailed as the ambassador, as well as the embodiment, of Hindu-Muslim unity. Jinnahs Differences with the CongressMohammad Ali Jinnah differed with Gandhi on the means of achieving self-rule. The League session reassembled at Lahore under Jinnahs presidency and was attended by a number of Congressmen and leaders of the Khilafat Movement. The Quaid, despite his differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Khilafatists, still enjoyed the trust and admiration of the Muslims of Bombay which can be seen from the fact that he won the Bombay Muslim seat for the Legislative Assembly that he had resigned in protest against the Rowlatt Act.Delhi Proposals (1927) However, because of the deep distrust between the two communities as evidenced by the country-wide communal riots, and because the Hindus failed to meet the genuine demands of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional plan, these proposals even waived the Muslims right to separate electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognised by the ongress in the Lucknow Pact, had again become a source of friction between the two communities. Quaids Fourteen Points (1929) In 1928, Pundit Moti Lal Nehru presented a report which turned down all the Muslims demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points on March 28, 1929 to the Muslim League Council at their Session in Delhi. S ince all the Muslims opposed the Nehru Report, these points were to counter the proposals made in the Nehru Report.This was the certainly the right answer to the Nehru report. The points were to recommend the reforms that would defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent. Reorganizatoin of Muslim League Jinnahs disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to migrate and settle down in London in the early thirties. While in England, the Quaid had been notice the events that were happening in India and was saddened to see how Muslim interests were being sacrificed by the chaotic situation within the Muslim League.The Muslim League was in the hands of rich, landlords or some middle class intellectuals with limited horizons, while the All India Congress was emerging as the leading party for Indian Independence. He was, however, to return to India in December 1933, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and assume their leadership. Jinnah realiz ed that organizing the Muslims of India into one powerful and dynamic system was badly needed. He performed two important tasks after his return from England, the first was to unite and activate the Muslim League as the sole representative body of the Muslims of India.The second was to continue the struggle for freedom of India on constitutional lines. resolute by this bleak situation, Jinnah devoted himself with singleness of purpose to organizing the Muslims on one platforms. He embarked upon country-wide tours. He pleaded with boor Muslim leaders to sink their differences and make common cause with the League. He exhorted the Muslim masses to attire themselves and joined the League He gave coherence and direction to Muslim sentiments on the Government of India Act, 1935.He also formulate a viable League manifesto for the election scheduled for early 1937. He was, it seemed, struggling against time to make Muslim India a power to be reckoned with. Despite all the manifold add s stacked against it, the Muslim League won 108 (about 22 percent) seats out of a total of 492 Muslim seats int the various legislatures. Though not very impressive in itself, the Leagues partial success assumed added significance in view of the fact that the League won the largest number of Muslims and that it was the only All-India party of the Muslims in the country.Thus, the elections represented the first milestone on the long road to putting Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent. Lacknow Session 1937 Jinnah utilized all his energies on revitalizing the League. With the assistance of the Raja of Mahmudabad, a dedicated adherent of the Muslim League, the Lucknow Session was a grand demonstration of the will of the Muslims of India to stand up to the Congress challenge. It was the Lucknow Session that Jinnah persuaded Sir Sikander Hayat Khan to join the Muslim League along with his Muslim colleagues. That development later became famous as the Jinnah-Sikander Pact.This Sess ion marked a dramatic change not only in the Leagues platform and political position, but also in Jinnahs personal commitment and final goal. He changed his attire, shedding the Seville Row suit in which he had arrived for a black Punjabi sherwani long coat. It was for the first time he put on the compact cap, which would soon be known throughout the world as Jinnah Cap. Ti was at that session that the title of Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader) was used for Jinnah and which soon gained such currency and popularity that it almost became a substitute for his name.The great success was achieved the organization front of the Muslim League. Within three months of the Lucknow session over 170 new branches of the League had been formed, 90 of them in the United Provinces, and it claimed to have enlisted 1,00,000 new members in the province alone. Day of Deliverance (22nd December, 1939) The Second World War broke out in 1939 and the British Government was anxious to win the favor and co-oper ation of the major political parties and leaders in their war effort.The Viceroy made a declaration in October assure the people of India that after the war, the constitutional problems of India would be re-examined and modifications made in the Act of 1935, according to the opinion of India Parties. The Congress reacted to that drastically, condemned the Viceroys policy statement and called upon the Congress ministries to resign by October 31, 1939. On the resignation of the Congress ministries, the Muslim League appealed to the Muslims and other minorities to observe December 22, 1939 as the Day of Deliverance. Demand for Pakistan (23rd March, 1940)Quaid-e-Azam said in the ever silvery words, We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, virtuoso of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calender, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have ou r own distinctive medical prognosis on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation. The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in 1940 had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics.On the one hand, it tattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu Empire exit from India on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participitants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter and malicious. Cripps Scheme (1942) Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India in March 1942, to discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitution. His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League. The Congress characterized them as a post-dated arrest on a failing bank.Jinnah in his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the League, analyzed the Cripps proposals and expressed the chagrin that if these were accepted Muslims could become a minority in their majority provinces as well. Divide and Quit (1942) The harm of the Cripps Mission, though unfortunate in many ways, resulted in strenghtening of the Muslim League case of Pakistan. The Congress distinct to launch its final assault on British imperialism in the movement that came to be known as the Quit India movement.Gandhi called upon the people to take initiative and to do or die in a last struggle for freedom, throwing of the initial pretences of non-violence. He did not consult the Muslim League or any other party and went ahead with his plans in the hope that the momentum of the mass movement would take violent forms and would involve all parties and sections of the people of India. To the Congress slogan of Quit India, the Quaids answer was Divide and Quit which meant Muslims do not only want freedom from British but also from Hindu Raj. Jinnah Gandhi Talks (1944)The two leaders also differed with regard to the boundaries of Pakistan and how the issue of whether India should be divided at all, was to be determined. Gan